LOCATION KENDALL IL+IN WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aeric Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Kendall silt loam - in a nearly level cultivated field at an elevation of about 198 meters (650 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; few fine and medium rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [15 to 28 cm (6 to 11 inches) thick]
E--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many very fine and fine roots; common fine and medium rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [8 to 28 cm (3 to 11 inches) thick]
BE--28 to 36 cm (11 to 14 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; many very fine and fine roots; common fine and medium rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches)thick]
Btg1--36 to 64 cm (14 to 25 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; firm; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few medium distinct rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; common fine faint brown (10YR 5/3) iron-manganese accumulations in the matrix; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg2--64 to 104 cm (25 to 41 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) silty clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky; firm; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; few medium prominent rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg3--104 to 130 cm (41 to 51 inches); 55 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and 45 percent gray (5Y 5/1) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; firm; few very fine and fine roots; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds; few medium rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [The combined thickness of the Btg horizons is 43 to 127 cm (17 to 50 inches).]
2Btg4--130 to 147 cm (51 to 58 inches); 40 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6), 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and 30 percent gray (5Y 5/1) loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) clay films on faces of peds; common fine and medium rounded black (7.5YR 2.5/1) weakly cemented iron-manganese nodules throughout; about 5 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [8 to 38 cm (3 to 15 inches) thick]
2Cg1--147 to 188 cm (58 to 74 inches); 45 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), 45 percent gray (5Y 5/1), and 10 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) stratified loam, sandy loam, and silt loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent fine gravel; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
2Cg2--188 to 203 cm (74 to 80 inches); 60 percent grayish brown (10YR 5/2), 30 percent gray (10YR 5/1) and 20 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) stratified gravelly loam, gravelly sandy loam, and silt loam; massive; friable; about 16 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Douglas County, Illinois; about 5 miles northeast of Hindsboro; 400 feet west and 1160 feet north of center of sec. 36, T. 15 N., R. 10 E.; USGS Oakland, IL topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees, 42 minutes, 24 seconds North and long. 88 degrees, 02 minutes, 17 seconds West; NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 0411010 easting and 4395720 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The depth to the base of the argillic horizon ranges from 102 to more than 152 cm (40 to more than 60 inches). Depth to carbonates is more than 102 cm (40 inches). Depth to horizons with more than 15 percent fine sand ranges from 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches). The particle-size control section averages between 27 and 35 percent clay and less than 10 percent fine sand or coarser.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 (5 to 7 dry), and chroma of 1 to 3. A horizons less than 7 inches thick that have value of 2 or 3 (4 or 5 dry), are in some pedons. It is silt loam. Reaction commonly is neutral or slightly acid but ranges to strongly acid in some pedons.
The Eg or E horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3 It is silt loam. Reaction is strongly acid to neutral.
The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, or 7.5YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 2 to 6. It is silt loam or silty clay loam. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid.
The Btg or Bt horizon has hue of 10YR, 2.5Y, 5Y, or 7.5YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma commonly of 2 and ranging from 1 to 8. It is silty clay loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral.
The 2Btg, 2Bt, 2BCg, 2BC horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. It is loam, clay loam, silt loam, or sandy loam. Clay content ranges from 10 to 30 percent and sand content ranges from 15 to 65 percent. Content of rock fragments is less than 15 percent. Reaction commonly ranges from moderately acid to slightly alkaline and carbonates are in some pedons. Some pedons have subhorizons that range to strongly acid.
The 2Cg or 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 to 8. It is stratified outwash consisting of layers of silt loam, loam, sandy loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or sandy clay loam, or is sandy loam till. Clay content ranges from 10 to 30 percent and sand content ranges from 15 to 65 percent. Content of rock fragments averages less than 15 percent, but ranges to nearly 20 percent in some individual strata. Reaction commonly ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline, but is slightly acid or moderately acid in strata in some pedons.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aptakisic, Caseyville, Creal, Fitchville, Iva, Starks, Stronghurst, Waynetown, and Yeddo series. Aptakisic soils have carbonates within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Caseyville, Fitchville, Iva, and Stronghurst soils average less than 15 percent sand in the lower part of the series control section. Creal soils are more than 61 cm (24 inches) to the top of the argillic horizon. Starks soils have horizons with more than 15 percent sand within a depth of 102 cm (40 inches). Waynetown soils average more than 15 percent gravel in the lower part of the series control section. Yeddo soils do not have horizons with more than 15 percent sand within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches).
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kendall soils are on loess-covered outwash plains, stream terraces, and sandy loam till plains of Wisconsinan Age. The soils formed in 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) of loess or other silty material and in the underlying loamy stratified outwash. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 12 degrees C (45 to 54 degrees F), mean annual precipitation ranges from 737 to 1041 mm (29 to 41 inches), frost free period ranges from 140 to 180 days, and elevation ranges from 183 to 311 meters (600 to 1,020 feet) above mean sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Starks soils and the Camden, Drummer, Sexton, and St. Charles soils. The competing Starks soils are on nearby similar landscapes where the loess or other silty material is thinner. The well drained Camden and St. Charles soils are on slightly higher pitions or more sloping parts of the landscape. The poorly drained Drummer and Sexton soils are on lower positions of the landscape. Drummer soils have a mollic epipedon and lack an argillic horizon. Sexton soils average more than 35 percent clay in the argillic horizon.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to an apparent seasonal high water table is 15 to 61 cm (0.5 to 2.0 feet) at some time between January and May in most years. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second). Permeability is moderate (0.6 to 2 inches per hour). Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high (42.34 to 141.14 micrometers per second) and permeability is rapid (6 to 20 inches per hour) in the substratum of the sandy substratum phase. Some low-lying areas on terraces are flooded after unusually high rainfall. A rarely flooded phase is recognized.
USE AND VEGETATION: Almost all areas of Kendall soils are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, and small grain are the principal crops. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kendall soils are in Illinois, Indiana and Wisconsin. The extent is moderate, approximately 30,000 acres, in MLRAs 95B, 108A, 108B, 110, 111D, 114B, 115B, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 108A.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Kendall County, Illinois, 1941.
REMARKS: Sandy substratum and flooded phases are currently recognized. These soils will be evaluated during MLRA update project to determine if new series are needed. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon -- the zone from the surface to a depth of 36 cm (14 inches), (Ap, E, BE horizons);
Argillic horizon -- the zone from approximately 36 to 130 cm (14 to 51 inches), (Btg1, Btg2, Btg3 horizons);
Aquic conditions - redoximorphic features in all horizons below the Ap horizon; aquic moisture regime; mesic temperature regime.