LOCATION PANA IL

Established Series
Rev. GOW-WMT-AAC
02/2011

PANA SERIES

The Pana series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy glacial drift. Pana soils are on uplands. Slope ranges from 5 to 10 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 990 mm (39 inches) and mean annual air temperature is about 12.2 degrees C (54 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Pana loam on a south facing 7 percent backslope in cropland, at an elevation of 229 meters (751 feet) above mean sea level (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown (10YR 5/3), dry; moderate fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; neutral, abrupt smooth boundary.

A--13 to 20 cm (5 to 8 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) loam, brown (10YR 5/3), dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; 1 percent mixed rock fragments; neutral, clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of Ap and A is 13 to 23 cm (5 to 9 inches).]

Bt1--20 to 43 cm (8 to 17 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 1 percent mixed rock fragments; neutral, clear smooth boundary.

Bt2--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent mixed rock fragments; moderately acid, clear smooth boundary.

Bt3--61 to 112 cm (24 to 44 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; many distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent mixed rock fragments; moderately acid, gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4--112 to 158 cm (44 to 62 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; 3 percent mixed rock fragments; moderately acid, gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of Bt is 109 to 173 cm (43 to 68 inches).]

C--158 to 211 cm (62 to 83 inches); strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; massive; friable; 6 percent mixed rock fragments; moderately acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Montgomery County, Illinois; about 2 miles east of Ohlman, 2,764 feet east and 2,045 feet north of the southwest corner of section 3, T. 10 N., R. 1 W.; Ohlman, Illinois topographic quadrangle; lat. 39 degrees 20 minutes 25 seconds N. and long. 89 degrees 11 minutes 10 seconds W.; UTM Zone 16 311599 Easting and 4356826 Northing; NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of loess: 0 to 38 cm (0 to 15 inches)
Depth to base of the argillic horizon: 127 to 191 cm (50 to 75 inches)
Depth of loamy drift: more than 1.5 meters (5 feet)
Depth to calcareous sand and gravel: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
Particle-size control section (weighted average): 18 to 35 percent clay and greater that 20 percent sand

Ap or A horizons:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam or silt loam
Clay content: 8 to 25 percent
Sand content: 8 to 40 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent
Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid, ranging to neutral where limed

Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 5YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam, loam, silt loam or clay loam, or their gravelly analogues
Clay content: 18 to 38 percent
Sand content: 20 to 65 percent
Rock fragment content: 1 to 25 percent
Reaction: Neutral to very strongly acid

C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 5YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogues
Clay content: 5 to 20 percent
Sand content: 40 to 75 percent
Rock fragment content: 3 to 30 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral

2C horizon (where present):
Hue: 7.5YR or 5YR
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: stratified gravel and sand or loamy sand. Calcareous sand and gravel commonly are at depths of 2.1 to 3 meters (7 to 10 feet)
Clay content: 0 to 8 percent
Sand content: 70 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content: 10 to 35 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Dunbridge, Fallleaf, Lauramie, Longlois, Lydick, Mohawk, Oneco and Razort soils. Dunbridge and Oneco soils have a lithic contact at depths of 51 to 152 cm (20 to 60 inches). Fallleaf soils formed in loamy eolian and glacial fluvial material over till and have more than 40 percent sand in the surface layers. Lauramie, Longlois and Mohawk soils have carbonates at depths of less than 178 cm (70 inches). Lydick soils have rock fragments that dominantly consist of shale fragments. Razort soils formed in silty alluvium over nonconforming residuum and typically have less than 40 percent sand and more than 30 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Pana soils are on prominent convex ridges on the till plain of the Illinois episode. They are on summits or side slopes. Slope gradients range from 5 to 10 percent. These soils formed in more than 1.5 meters (5 feet) of loamy glacial material underlain by sand and gravel. Mean annual temperature is between 11.1 to 13.9 degrees C (52 to 57 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is between 864 to 1016 mm (34 and 40 inches).

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Douglas and Negley soils. Douglas soils formed on ridge crests and upper parts of slopes where loess thickness is 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches) over loamy glacial drift. Negley soils are on adjacent slopes but do not have dark surface horizons greater than 18 cm (7 inches) thick.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Drainage class--Well drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to hihigh (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second) over over high to very high (14.11 to 141.14 micrometers per second. Permeability is moderate over moderately rapid to rapid

USE AND VEGETATION: Commonly used for growing corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hays. Native vegetation is tall prairie grasses and oak savanna.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South central Illinois. The extent is small in MLRAs 108B and 114B.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Christian County, Illinois, 1946.

REMARKS: Pana soils formed in less than 38 cm (15 inches) of loess over loamy glacial drift from the Hagarstown member of the Pearl Formation. These soils are dominantly on the ridged drift in the Kaskaskia basin.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic subgroup - the zone from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (8 inches) (Ap and A horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from a depth of 20 to 157 cm (8 to 62 inches) (Bt horizons).

Pana soils are considered eroded Mollisols but do not meet the previous classification of Typic Argiudolls and have been reclassified as part of the Montgomery Co. Soil Survey update, based on current criteria in the Key to Soil Taxonomy 10th edition.

Additional data: Data from the National Soil Survey Lab and the pedology laboratory at the University of Illinois, are on file for several pedons.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.