LOCATION BEMIDJI MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Arenic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Bemidji loamy sand, on a convex slope of 1 percent, on an outwash plain, in a farmstead. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 10 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; about 14 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 24 centimeters thick)
E1--10 to 30 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) cobbly loamy sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; single grain; loose; about 30 percent cobbles and gravel; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary.
E2--30 to 66 centimeters; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) cobbly sand, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; single grain; loose; about 30 percent cobbles and gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the E horizon is 45 to 67 centimeters.)
2B/E--66 to 86 centimeters; about 70 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam (Bt); weak medium angular blocky structure; firm; few distinct brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; about 30 percent dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loamy sand (E); single grain; loose; few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; about 10 percent gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (10 to 25 centimeters thick)
2Bt--86 to 112 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in tubular pores; common fine distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) redoximorphic depletions and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; about 10 percent gravel and cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (15 to 30 centimeters thick)
2C--112 to 152 centimeters; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; common fine distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) redoximorphic depletions and few fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; about 10 percent gravel and cobbles; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 57-Northern Minnesota Gray Drift, Beltrami County, Minnesota subset; about 2 miles east and 1 mile south of Nymore; located about 1,200 feet south and 300 feet west of the northeast corner of section 25, T. 146 N., R. 33 W.; USGS Bemidji East topographic quadrangle; lat. 47 degrees 26 minutes 08 seconds N. and long. 94 degrees 48 minutes 03 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the sandy sediments--50 to 100 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--75 to more than 200 centimeters
Clay content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--12 to 18 percent
Sand content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--50 to 80 percent
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 to 4
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--loamy sand, loamy fine sand or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of these textures
Clay content--4 to 10 percent
Sand content--75 to 85 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 35 percent, 2 to 76 millimeters in diameter
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
E horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--sand, fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of these textures
Clay content--4 to 10 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 35 percent, 2 to 76 millimeters in diameter
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
Most pedons have EB, E/B, 2B/E, or 2BE horizons
Bt horizon (when present):
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture--sand, loamy sand or the gravelly or cobbly analogs of these textures, mainly clay bridging between sand grains
Clay content--4 to 10 percent
Sand content--80 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 35 percent, 2 to 76 millimeters in diameter
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
2Bt horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--2 to 5
Chroma--3 to 5
Texture--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy clay loam, or loam
Clay content--10 to 25 percent
Sand content--45 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 15 percent, 2 to 76 millimeters in diameter
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
2C horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Clay content--8 to 16 percent
Sand content--55 to 80 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 15 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--5 to 20 percent, 2 to 76 millimeters in diameter
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Moist bulk density--1.60 to 1.75 g/cc
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Bushville,
Eckvoll,
Huntersville and
Ricelake series.
Bushville--have a moist bulk density of 1.80 to 2.00 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Eckvoll--have a clay content that averages 18 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Huntersville--have a moist bulk density of 1.80 to 2.00 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
Ricelake--have a moist bulk density of 1.40 to 1.60 g/cc in the lower third of the series control section
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 100 centimeters of sandy sediments and the underlying coarse loamy till
Landform--slightly concave to convex slopes on outwash plains and ground moraines
Slope--1 to 3 percent
Elevation--300 to 500 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--3 to 6 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--585 to 735 millimeters
Frost-free period--120 to 175 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Cutaway,
Nary,
Sol and
Stuntz soils.
Cutaway--are at higher slightly landscape positions on side slopes and have a clay content of 18 to 30 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Nary--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Bemidji soils and have a clay content that averages 18 to 27 percent in the particle-size control section
Sol--are at higher landscape positions on side slopes and do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.8 meters
Stuntz--are at lower landscape positions in swales and have a clay content that averages 20 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--a saturated zone occurs between depths of 0.75 to 1 meter during March to June when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation and is considered apparent
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--10.00 to 100.00 micrometers per second in the sandy sediments and 1.00 to 10.00 micrometers per second in the till
Surface runoff potential--negligible or very low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are small grain, corn, or grass-legume hay. Some areas are wooded or pastured. The native vegetation is eastern white pine and red pine, white spruce, quaking aspen, northern red oak and bur oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic section--Western lake section
MLRA--Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57)
LRR K; north-central and western Minnesota
Extent--small
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Beltrami County, Minnesota, 1991.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 66 to 112 centimeters (2B/E and 2Bt horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (A, E1, E2, 2B/E, 2Bt, and 2BC horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 66 centimeters (A, E1 and E2 horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 66 to 112 centimeters (2B/E and 2Bt horizon);
udic moisture regime.
Arenic subgroup based on sandy textures to a depth of 66 centimeters.
Aquic subgroup based on 2 chroma colors in the 2B/E horizon that are considered as redoximorphic depletions.
This series needs further study to clarify classification at the Great Group level.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.