LOCATION CANOE IAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Udollic Endoaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Canoe silt loam, on a stream terrace, on a slope of about 1 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; cloddy parting to weak fine granular structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (13 to 23 centimeters thick)
E1--20 to 30 centimeters; mixed dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium platy structure; friable; few fine dark nodules (iron and manganese oxides); moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
E2--30 to 46 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam; weak medium platy structure; friable; many distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) dry silt coats on faces of peds; few fine soft dark nodules (iron and manganese oxides); few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
E3--46 to 58 centimeters; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; moderate medium platy structure; friable; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) silt coats on faces of peds; few fine soft dark brown nodules (iron and manganese oxides); many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the E horizon is 20 to 46 centimeters.)
BE--58 to 76 centimeters; mottled yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coatings on faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) silt coats on faces of peds; few fine dark nodules (iron and manganese oxides); strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 20 centimeters thick)
Bt1--76 to 102 centimeters; mottled grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt loam; weak fine prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; many distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) silt coats on prisms and on a few blocky peds; few fine dark accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.
Bt2--102 to 124 centimeters; mottled gray (5Y 5/1) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) kneaded; weak fine prismatic structure; friable; common distinct clay films; common black (10YR 2/1) clay films on surfaces along root channels; few fine dark accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 36 to 104 centimeters.)
BCg--124 to 152 centimeters; mottled gray (5Y 5/1) and olive gray (5Y 5/2) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure; friable; few distinct clay films; common very fine dark accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); few fine prominent olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) and light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (20 to 36 centimeters thick)
Cg--152 to 183 centimeters; light olive gray (5Y 6/2) silt loam; massive; friable; common very fine dark accumulations (iron and manganese oxides); few medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 105-Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills, Winneshiek County, Iowa subset; about 5 miles north and 3 miles east of Decorah; located about 2,120 feet west and 610 feet north of the southeast corner of section 24, T. 99 N., R. 8 W.; USGS Freeport topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 22 minutes 22 seconds N. and long. 91 degrees 44 minutes 17 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates--more than 178 centimeters
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--20 to 28 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--8 to 15 percent
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--silt loam
Clay content--18 to 24 percent
Sand content--8 to 15 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
E horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--2
Texture--silt loam
Clay content: 18 to 27 percent
Sand content--8 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid or moderately acid
BE horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--silt loam
Clay content: 18 to 27 percent
Sand content--8 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid or moderately acid
Bt horizon:
Hue--10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--1 to 4
Texture--silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--20 to 28 percent
Sand content--8 to 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
BCg and Cg horizon:
Hue--10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--1 to 4
Texture--silt loam
Clay content--15 to 25 percent
Sand content--10 to 20 percent
Rock fragment content--0 percent
Reaction--moderately acid or slightly acid
Some pedons have thin strata of fine sand between depths of 100 and 150 centimeters
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Atterberry,
Bethalto,
Curran,
Emery,
Franklin,
Koszta,
Millbrook,
Mulvey,
Virgil, and
Wauconda series.
Atterberry--have a sand content of less than 8 percent in the particle-size control section
Bethalto--have a sand content of less than 7 percent in the particle-size control section and are in areas that have a mean annual air temperature range of 12 to 14 degrees C
Curran--have a sand content of more than 70 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Emery--have a sand content of less than 8 percent in the upper half of the series control section
Franklin--have a sand content of less than 8 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Koszta--have a clay content of 28 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Millbrook--have a sand content of 20 to 70 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Mulvey--have a rock fragment content of 15 to 35 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Virgil--have a sand content of 20 to 80 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Wauconda--have a sand content of more than 15 percent in the lower half of the series control section
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--silty alluvium
Landform--stream terraces
Slope--0 to 3 percent
Elevation--305 to 381 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--7 to 9 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--750 to 870 millimeters
Frost-free period--145 to 165 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Eitzen,
Ion,
Ossian and
Otter soils.
Eitzen--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Canoe soils and have buried horizons within a depth of 90 centimeters
Ion--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Canoe soils, are calcareous in all parts between depths of 25 to 50 centimeters, and do not have an argillic horizon
Ossian--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Canoe soils and have mollic epipedons 40 to 60 centimeters thick
Otter--are in landscape positions similar to those of the Canoe soils and have mollic epipedons 61 to 127 centimeters thick
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs within a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest periods of normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--moderately high or high
Surface runoff potential--negligible to low
Flooding--rarely flooded for brief duration
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal corps are corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hays are grown. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, other grasses of the tall grass prairie and mixed deciduous trees (oak and hickory).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Wisconsin Driftless section, Dissected till plains
MLRAs--Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105) and Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108)
LRR M; eastern Iowa, southeastern Minnesota, southwestern Wisconsin, and northwestern Illinois
Extent--small
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Winneshiek County, Iowa, 1974.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 76 to 124 centimeters (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (Ap, E1, E2, E3, BE,Bt1, Bt2, and BCg horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 58 centimeters (Ap, E1, E2, and E3 horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 76 to 125 centimeters (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; data available for the typical pedon.