LOCATION HEAKE HIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Ashy, glassy, isothermic Lithic Ustivitrands
TYPICAL PEDON: Heake ashy loam, 5 percent slope under scattered `ohi`a trees and shrubs with grass understory at an elevation of 1,219 meters (4,000 feet). The surface is covered by approximately 10 percent gravel. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted. Colors below 10 centimeters (4 inches) are lithochromic. When described on 1/23/97 the soil was moist throughout. All textures are "apparent field textures". pH was determined by adjusting field organic dye values via regression to approximate pH in 1:1 water.)
A--0 to 3 centimeters (0 to 1 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) ashy loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure parting to strong fine subangular blocky; hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 percent gravel; very strongly acid (pH 5.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) thick)
Bw--3 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) ashy loamy fine sand, 80 percent brown (10YR 5/3) and 20 percent black (N 2/0) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; slightly acid (pH 6.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) thick)
C1--10 to 18 centimeters (4 to 7 inches); lithochromic black (10YR 2/1) ashy loamy fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; finely stratified; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; common very fine and fine and few medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; 10 percent rounded gravel, 2 to 5 mm; neutral (pH 6.7); abrupt wavy boundary. (2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) thick)
C2--18 to 20 centimeters (7 to 8 inches); lithochromic dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) ashy loam, brown (7.5YR 5/4) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, slightly smeary, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; few strands of Pele's hair; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 5 centimeters (0 to 2 inches) thick)
Cd1--20 to 25 centimeters (8 to 10 inches); lithochromic very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) ashy sandy loam, 80 percent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and 20 percent black (N 2/0) dry; finely stratified; hard, firm, brittle, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine and medium roots; few very fine and fine interstitial pores; 35 percent, 0.3 to 1 centimeter (1/8 to 3/8 inch) rounded, soft to hard, accretionary lapili; neutral (pH 6.8); abrupt wavy boundary. (3 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) thick.)
Cd2--25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches); lithochromic very dark brown (10YR 2/2) ashy loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand and coarse sand, 80 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and 20 percent black (N 2/0) dry; stratified; hard, friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; few very fine, fine, and medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial pores; neutral (pH 7.2); abrupt wavy boundary. (2 to 10 centimeters (1 to 4 inches) thick)
2C--30 to 36 centimeters (12 to 14 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) reticulite, pumice-like volcanic glass, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) dry; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 23 centimeters (0 to 9 inches) thick)
3R--36 centimeters (14 inches); hard, basaltic, pahoehoe bedrock.
TYPE LOCATION: Hawaii Volcanoes National Park; from State Hwy 11, travel 0.1 mile north on Mauna Loa Strip Road, then 0.1 mile east on Tree Molds Road, then 0.2 miles north on service road; at fork veer west (left) and travel 50 feet; at second fork veer west (left) and travel 0.35 miles; site is 10 feet to the south (left) in lower portion of bowl-like depression; Kilauea Crater Quadrangle; lat. 19 degrees 26 minutes 25.58 seconds N. and long. 155 degrees 17 minutes 22.63 seconds W. (Old Hawaiian Datum measured by GPS/PLGR.)
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to bedrock: 5 to 50 centimeters (2 to 20 inches)
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C. (59 to 65 degrees F.)
Surface crust: Up to 20 percent of the pedons have a brittle crust, 1.5 centimeter (0.5 inch) thick. The crust has 1 to 10 percent thin white coatings on the underside of the crust.
A horizon
Value: 2 or 3 moist.
Chroma: 1 to 4 moist.
Texture: Ashy loam, ashy fine sandy loam, ashy sandy loam.
Rock fragments: 0 to 35 percent surface gravel.
Soil reaction: Very strongly acid or strongly acid.
C horizon
Hue: 2.5YR to 10YR, 2.5Y.
Value: 2 or 3 moist.
Texture: Ashy loam, ashy fine sandy loam, ashy sandy loam, ashy loamy fine sand, ashy fine sand, sand.
Soil reaction: Slightly acid or neutral.
Accretionary lapili: Occur in most pedons.
Olivine Crystals: Occur in some pedons.
Reticulite: Occur in most pedons and range in size from 2 millimeters to 25 centimeters.
COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series. Halema`uma`u and Manu soils are similar. Halema`uma`u and Manu soils are moderately deep to lithic contact.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Heake soils formed in Kilauea Volcano, Keanakakoi surge and airfall pyroclastic deposits over pahoehoe lava. Heake soils are on Mauna Loa and Kilauea pahoehoe flows less than 750 years old, at elevations from 1,035 to 1,250 meters (3,400 to 4,100 feet). Slopes range from 2 to 10 percent. The mean annual rainfall is 1,270 to 2,030 millimeters (50 to 80 inches), with about 90 percent of the rainfall occurring between October and May. The mean annual pan evaporation is 1,270 to 1,780 millimeters (50 to 70 inches). The mean annual air temperature is 13 to 18 degrees C. (55 to 65 degrees F.)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Alahapa, Ke`amoku, Mauna`iu, and One`ula series and the similar Halema`uma`u series . Alahapa soils are fragmental over `a`a lava. Ke`amoku, Mauna`iu, and One`ula soils have udic moisture regime. In addition, Mauna`iu soils have textures finer than loamy fine sand, and One`ula soils are skeletal with `a`a fragments in the lower part of the control section.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. In areas with surface crust, runoff is very high and permeability is very slow. In areas without surface crust, runoff is very low and permeability is moderately rapid. Permeability is very slow in the underlying pahoehoe bedrock.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for National Park Service land and for grazing. Vegetation is `a`ali`i (Dodonaea viscosa), bamboo orchid (Arundina graminifolia), broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), bush beardgrass (Schizachyrium condensatum), koa (Acacia koa), `ohelo (Vaccinium reticulatum), `ohi`a lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), pukiawe (Styphelia tameiameiae), `ulei (Osteomeles anthyllidifolia), and `uki (Machaerina angustifolia).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Island of Hawaii, within Hawaii Volcanoes National Park and adjacent ranch; MLRA 161. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii, 1949.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - from the soil surface to a depth of 10 centimeters (4 inches) (A and Bw horizons).
Andic soil properties - from 10 to 36 centimeters (4 to 14 inches). Upper 10 centimeters (4 inches) do not have enough glass to be andic.
Lithic contact - at 36 centimeters (14 inches) (3R horizon).
Particle-size control section - from the soil surface to 36 centimeters (14 inches).
Soil temperature - mean summer and mean winter soil temperatures differ by less than 6 degrees C. (iso temperature regime).
Soil moisture - dry in some or all parts for a four-month period from June to September in most years (Ustic moisture regime).
Heake is the old incorrect spelling of Hi`iaka.
Edit Log: 12/03 KH. Added "ashy" modifier to textures.
2/01 KH. Previous very high runoff and moderately rapid permeability changed to separate classes for areas with and without surface crust.
9/99 KH. Type location changed. Classification changed due to changes in Taxonomy and new lab data. Old classification - Medial, isothermic Lithic Dystrandepts.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Heake NSSL sample S97-HI-001-002 from type location.
Penetrometer measurement made by inserting penetrometer horizontally into "in situ" soil:
A horizon - 1.25 tons/square/foot
Bw horizon - 2.00 tons/square/foot
C1 horizon - 2.25 tons/square/foot
C2 horizon - 0.75 tons/square/foot
Cd1 horizon - > 5.00 tons/square/foot
Cd2 horizon - > 5.00 tons/square/foot