LOCATION HICKOK SD+WY

Established Series
JWW
09/2011

HICKOK SERIES

The Hickok series consists of deep and very deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum and local alluvium derived from sandstone. Hickok soils are on summits and backslopes of ridges and bedrock-controlled terraces and hillslopes in mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 660 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 7 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Inceptic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Hickok loam, on a north facing, linear bedrock-controlled terrace of 4 percent, forested, at an elevation of 1,690 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.) When described on July 30, 2009, the soil was moist at the surface and slightly moist below.

Oi--0 to 1 cm; slightly decomposed pine needles, twigs, and previous growing season herbaceous plant material; abrupt smooth boundary (1 to 4 cm thick)

A--1 to 10 cm; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, few fine and medium roots throughout; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary (3 to 15 cm thick)

EA--10 to 20 cm; brown (7.5YR 5/2) loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine and medium granular; soft, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, few fine and medium roots throughout; about 5 percent medium and fine, angular and subangular sandstone gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary (0 to 12 cm thick)

E--20 to 41 cm; brown (7.5YR 4/4) loam, brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; weak fine platy structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine, few fine and medium roots; about 5 percent angular and subangular sandstone gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary (10 to 24 cm thick)

Bt/E--41 to 49 cm; about 70 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) (Bt part) and 30 percent brown (7.5YR 4/4) (E part) loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) and brown (7.5YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine, fine and medium roots throughout; about 20 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and lining pores (Bt part); about 10 percent angular and subangular sandstone gravel; moderately acid; gradual irregular boundary (5 to 12 cm thick)

Bt--49 to 65 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) gravelly fine sandy loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; moderate medium and strong fine angular blocky structure; hard, friable, sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine and fine roots; about 50 percent distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds and 80 percent prominent dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) clay films lining pores; about 20 percent angular and subangular sandstone gravel; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary (12 to 28 cm thick)

CBt--65 to 92 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) very gravelly fine sandy loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine and fine roots; about 5 percent prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay films on faces of peds, and 20 percent prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay films on rock fragments; about 45 percent angular and subangular rock fragments, of which 25 percent are gravel and 20 percent cobble; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary (0 to 27 cm thick)

C--92 to 120 cm; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) gravelly fine sandy loam, reddish yellow (7.5YR 6/6) dry; massive; slightly hard, friable, moderately sticky and slightly plastic; very few, very fine and fine roots; about 30 percent angular and subangular rock fragments, of which 25 percent are gravel and 5 percent cobble; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary (20 to 34 cm thick)

R--120 to 200 cm; hard, fractured sandstone bedrock; fractures less than about 1 cm wide occur irregularly spaced at 50 to 100 cm intervals at the upper contact.

TYPE LOCATION: Lawrence County, South Dakota, about 1 mile northeast of old Roubaix townsite; located about 2000 feet north and 2200 feet east of the southwest corner of Sec. 21, T.4N., R.4E.; Deadwood South USGS quadrangle; 44 degrees 17 minutes 27.4 seconds N. latitude and 103 degrees 38 minute 48.3 seconds W. longitude; NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to lithic contact: typically 100 to 152 cm

Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Sand content: 30 to 60 percent

A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR
Value: 2 or 3, 3 to 5 dry
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: L, FSL
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid

An AE or EA horizon occurs in some pedons. It is a transition between the A and E horizons and has properties of both.

E horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5, 5 or 6 dry
Chroma: 3 or 4, 2 or 3 dry
Texture: L, FSL
Reaction: moderately acid or slightly acid

The Bt/E horizon (or E/Bt in some pedons) consists of 50 to 90 percent Bt horizon material and 10 to 50 percent E horizon material. Each part has characteristics similar to those of their respective horizons.

Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 or 5, 5 or 6 dry
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction): FSL, L, or SCL
Rock fragments: 5 to 30 percent angular and/or subangular sandstone fragments, of which 5 to 30 percent are gravel and 0 to 10 percent cobble
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

The CBt horizon, when present, is a transition zone between the Bt and the C horizons. It has properties of the C horizon but also has weak expression of structure and oriented clay films occur in isolated patches on the faces of peds.

C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 or 5, 5 or 6 dry
Chroma: 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction): FSL, SL, L, or SCL
Rock fragments: 15 to 50 percent angular and/or subangular sandstone fragments, of which 10 to 45 percent are gravel, 5 to 25 percent cobble, and 0 to 20 percent flagstones
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline

R horizon:
Bedrock characteristics: very strong cemented to indurated, brown to reddish brown sandstone; noneffervescent to slightly effervescent

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: Residuum or local alluvium over residuum derived from sandstone
Landform: summits and backslopes of structural terraces, ridges, and hillslopes in mountains
Slopes: 2 to 40 percent
Elevation: 1,340 to 1,830 meters
Mean annual air temperature: 5 to 7 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation: 508 to 711 mm
Precipitation pattern: In most years, half or more of the normal precipitation falls as rain and/or snow from March through mid-July.
Frost-free period: 90 to 120 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Citadel and Rockoa series. Citadel soils are fine-textured. They occur on similar landscape positions as Hickok soils. Rockoa soils are are loamy-skeletal. They occur on similar landscape positions; however they are generally slightly above Hickok soils.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained; saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low to moderately high; low to high runoff, depending on slope.

USE AND VEGETATION: Hickok soils are normally wooded and utilized for livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, and timber production. The native vegetation consists of an overstory of ponderosa pine; understory species include needlegrass, wheatgrass, ricegrass, timothy, fescue, bearberry, Oregon grape, and common juniper.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Hickok soils occur in the Low Limestone Plateau physiographic area of the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming; LRR G, MLRA 62; the series is of small extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota

SERIES PROPOSED: Update of the Soil Survey of Lawrence County, South Dakota, 2006. The name is taken from one of the historical figures from the area.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: The layer from 1 to 41 cm (A, EA, and E horizons)
Argillic horizon: The layer from 41 to 65 cm (portions of the Bt/E and Bt horizons)
Lithic contact: The contact with hard sandstone bedrock at 120 cm (R horizons)

Taxonomic Version: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Eleventh Edition, 2010

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.