LOCATION HIWOOD MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, frigid Aquic Udipsamments
TYPICAL PEDON: Hiwood fine sand on a convex slope of 1 percent under jack pine. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oe--2 to 0 inches; partly decomposed forest litter. (0 to 2 inches thick)
A--0 to 2 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) fine sand, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
E--2 to 6 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sand, light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; single grain; loose; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 9 inches thick)
Bw1--6 to 15 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sand; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) mottles; single grain; loose; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw2--15 to 28 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sand; single grain; loose; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw3--28 to 46 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) fine sand; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), common fine and medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) mottles; single grain; loose; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizons is 6 to 42 inches.)
C1--46 to 56 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) fine sand; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/8) mottles; single grain; loose; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
C2--56 to 60 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) fine sand; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; single grain; loose; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota; about 2 miles east and 3 miles south of Williams; about 900 feet north and 110 feet east of the southwest corner, sec. 33, T. 161 N., R. 33 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates is greater than 60 inches. The depth to horizons that have either mottles with chroma of 2 or less or a matrix with chroma of 2 or less with mottles is greater than 20 inches but less than 40 inches. The series control section contains less than 2 percent rock fragments. The particle size control section is commonly fine sand or sand with 5 to 15 percent coarse sand and coarser. The reaction of the series control section is strongly acid or moderately acid.
The A horizon has value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand. It is strongly acid or moderately acid. Some pedons have an Ap horizon with value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 1 or 2.
The E horizon has value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is fine sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, or sand. It is very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 8. It commonly is fine sand or sand but ranges to loamy fine sand or loamy sand. It is strongly acid or moderately acid.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sand or sand. It is moderately acid to slightly alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Aylmer, Lino, Meehan, Poppleton, Redby, Rushlake (T), and Winterfield series. Aylmer and Poppleton soils have a pH of 6 or higher throughout the series control section. Lino soils are substantially wetter in the soil moisture control section during the 120 days following the summer solstice and contain less than 5 percent coarse and very coarse sand in the particle size control section. Meehan soils have more than 30 percent medium sand and coarser in the series control section. Poppleton and Redby soils do not have a control section that is strongly acid or moderately acid throughout and have mottles at less than 20 inches. Winterfield soils have an irregular decrease in organic carbon with increasing depth.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Hiwood soils have convex slopes with gradient of 0 to 12 percent on glacial lake plains, and outwash plains. They formed in deep sandy sediments of Late Wisconsinan Age. Mean annual temperature ranges from 36 to 42 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 22 to 28 inches. Frost-free days range from 88 to 135. Elevation above sea level ranges from 1000 to 1600 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Cormant, Deerwood, Markey, and Redby soils. The poorly and very poorly drained Cormant soils and the somewhat poorly drained Redby soils formed in sediments similar to those of the Hiwood soils and are members of a hydrosequence with the Hiwood soils. Very poorly drained Deerwood and Markey soils formed in organic materials over sand and are in lower lying areas.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Slow to medium runoff. Rapid permeability. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table is as high as 2.0 to 5.0 feet at some time from April to July in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Hiwood soils are forested. Major trees are jack pine, red pine, aspen, and paper birch. A few areas are cleared and cropped to small grain or hay. Some areas are in pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern and north-central Minnesota primarily the glacial Lake Agassiz plain. Moderately extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lake of the Woods County, Minnesota, 1926.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 6 inches (A and E horizons); albic horizon - The zone from 2 to 6 inches (E horizon); aquic subgroup - low chroma mottles above 1 meter.
ADDITIONAL DATA: For results of some laboratory analysis refer to MAES Central File Code Nos. 192, 193 (typifying pedon), and 186.