LOCATION HAYFIELD MN+IA IL WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquollic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Hayfield loam, on a linear slope of less than 1 percent, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of about 360 meters above sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 23 centimeters thick)
E--20 to 33 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium platy structure; friable; common fine pores; common patchy and continuous thin very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) organic stains on peds; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 15 centimeters thick)
Bt1--33 to 61 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine pores; thin and medium patchy grayish brown (10YR 5/2) coats on peds; few faint clay films in pores; few fine faint light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation; few fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--61 to 74 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine pores; common clay bridges between sand grains, few faint clay films on faces of peds and in pores; many fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 25 to 76 centimeters.)
2C--74 to 203 centimeters; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) coarse sand; single grain; loose; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) masses of iron depletion; about 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104 Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies; Mower County, Minnesota subset; about 5 miles south and 3 miles east of Austin; located about 2,595 feet north and 65 feet east of the southwest corner of section 33, T. 102 N., R. 18 W.; USGS London topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 35 minutes 38.3 seconds N. and long. 93 degrees 00 minutes 32.4 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to glacial outwash--50 to 100 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--100 to 200 centimeters
Content of clay in the upper half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--18 to 30 percent
Content of clay in the lower half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--0 to 10 percent
Content of sand in the upper half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--15 to 60 percent
Content of sand in the lower half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--65 to 95 percent
Ap or A (when present) horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--loam or silt loam
Clay content--18 to 24 percent
Sand content--15 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent
Reaction--moderately acid or slightly acid
E horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--loam or silt loam
Clay content--18 to 24 percent
Sand content--15 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent
Reaction--moderately acid or slightly acid
In cultivated areas, the E horizon is mixed in the Ap horizon
Bt horizon:
Hue--10YR to 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--loam, silt loam, clay loam, silty clay loam, or sandy clay loam
Clay content--18 to 30 percent
Sand content--15 to 60 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
2BC horizons (when present):
Hue--10YR to 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--3 to 6
Texture--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs
Clay content--0 to 10 percent
Sand content--65 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 20 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to slightly alkaline
2C horizons:
Hue--10YR to 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--0 to 8 percent
Sand content--65 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--2 to 35 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to moderately alkaline
Some areas have loamy materials below a depth of 150 centimeters
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Shiffer and
Sooner series.
Shiffer--have less than 2 percent rock fragments in the lower third of the series control section and have no carbonates within a depth of 200 centimeters
Sooner--have siliceous sandy alluvium in the lower third of the series control section and have no carbonates within a depth of 200 centimeters
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 100 centimeters of silty or loamy sediments and the underlying sandy and gravelly outwash
Landform--linear or concave slopes on outwash plains, valley trains, treads and risers on stream terraces, and glaciated uplands
Slope--0 to 4 percent
Elevation--200 to 400 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--7 to 11 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--710 to 870 millimeters
Frost-free period--150 to 180 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Bixby,
Marshan, and
Udolpho soils.
Bixby--are on higher elevations on side slopes and do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.5 meters during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Marshan--are on lower elevations in flat to concave slopes, are frequently saturated at the soil surface during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation, and have mollic epipedons
Udolpho--are on lower elevations in flat to concave slopes and are frequently saturated at the soil surface during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs between depths of 0.3 and 1 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation, this saturation is considered apparent
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.0 to 10.0 micrometers per second in the silty or loamy sediments and 10.0 to 100.0 micrometers per second in the underlying sandy and gravelly outwash
Flooding--very rarely or rarely flooded for brief or very brief duration on stream terraces
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn and soybeans. The native vegetation is mixed big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, other grasses of the tall grass prairie and mixed deciduous trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Eastern lake section, Western lake section and Dissected till plains
MLRAs--Southern Wisconsin and Northern Illinois Drift Plain (95B),
Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104), and
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105)
LRR M; southeastern Minnesota, northeastern Iowa, north-central Illinois, and southwestern Wisconsin
Extent--moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Dodge County, Minnesota, 1959.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 33 to 100 centimeters (Bt1, Bt2, and 2C horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (Ap, E, Bt1, Bt2, and 2C horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 33 centimeters (Ap and E horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 33 to 74 centimeters (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons);
abrupt textural change--at the upper boundary of the 2C horizon;
udic moisture regime.
Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.