LOCATION KAINALIU HI
Established Series
Rev. RTG-MRK
05/2012
KAINALIU SERIES
The Kainaliu series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in basic volcanic ash in `a`a lava. Slopes range from 2 to 40 percent. The mean annual rainfall is about 890 millimeters (35 inches), and the mean annual air temperature is about 23 degrees C (73 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey-skeletal, parasesquic, isohyperthermic Andic Haplustolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Kainaliu cobbly silty clay loam, on a west facing, convex, 12 percent slope in pasture at an elevation of 226 meters (740 feet). (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise noted. All textures are "apparent field textures". pH measured with electrode in 1:1 water. When described on February 4, 1993 the soil was slightly moist throughout.) The 2C parts of these horizons consist of unconsolidated `a`a lava fragments of variable size.
A1--0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) cobbly silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; strong very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine, few medium, and very few coarse and very coarse roots; common very fine pores; 10 percent angular `a`a gravel and 20 percent angular `a`a cobbles; moderately acid (pH 5.9); abrupt wavy boundary. (8 to 15 centimeters {3 to 6 inches} thick)
A2/2C1--10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) very cobbly silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine, few medium, and very few coarse and very coarse roots; common very fine pores; 15 percent angular `a`a gravel and 35 percent angular `a`a cobbles; neutral (pH 6.6); abrupt wavy boundary. (13 to 18 {5 to 7 inches} thick)
2C2/Bw1--25 to 58 centimeters (10 to 23 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) extremely cobbly silt loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) dry; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots; common very fine pores; 20 percent angular `a`a gravel and 45 percent angular `a`a cobbles; neutral (pH 7.1); clear wavy boundary. (28 to 41 centimeters {11 to 16 inches} thick)
2C3/Bw2--58 to 99 centimeters (23 to 39 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) extremely cobbly loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) dry; massive, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine pores; 25 percent angular `a`a gravel and 60 percent angular `a`a cobbles; slightly alkaline (pH 7.4); abrupt irregular boundary. (36 to 43 centimeters {14 to 17 inches} thick)
2R--99 centimeters (39 inches); hard, massive `a`a blue rock.
TYPE LOCATION: Island of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii; makai (downslope) of Kainaliu town in Alan Wall Ranch; the site is about 122 meters (400 feet) south of main mauka-makai road, and about 152 meters (500 feet) upslope of old railroad grade. Kealakekua Quadrangle; lat. 19 degrees 32 minutes 6 seconds N. and long. 155 degrees 56 minutes 34 seconds W. (Old Hawaiian Datum)
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to bedrock: 50 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches).
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C (72 to 76 degrees F).
Rock fragments: 35 to 65 percent by volume of the pedon and range in size from gravel to stones, but are primarily gravel and cobble size lava rocks.
A1 horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR.
Value: 2 or 3 moist or dry.
Chroma: 1 or 2 moist or dry.
Texture: Silty clay loam or cobbly silty clay loam.
Soil reaction: Moderately acid to neutral (pH 5.6 to 7.3).
A2/2C1 horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR.
Value: 2 or 3 moist or dry.
Chroma: 1 or 2 moist or dry.
Texture: Cobbly silty clay loam or very cobbly silty clay loam.
Soil reaction: Moderately acid to neutral (pH 5.6 to 7.3).
2C/Bw horizon
Hue: 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR.
Value: 3 or 4 moist or dry.
Chroma: 2 to 4 moist or dry.
Texture: Very or extremely cobbly, silty clay loam or silt loam.
Soil reaction: Neutral or slightly alkaline (pH 6.6 to 7.8).
COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series or similar soils.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kainaliu soils are on low elevation, leeward slopes of Mauna Loa and Hualalai volcanoes at elevations from sea level to 305 meters (0 to 1000 feet). These soils are on all hillslope components of constructional landscapes consisting of undulating to steep `a`a lava flows that are 5,000 to 10,000 years old. Slope gradients range from 2 to 40 percent. The soils formed in basic volcanic ash over `a`a lava. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 640 to 1270 millimeters (25 to 50 inches), with most of the rainfall occurring from April through October. The mean annual pan evaporation ranges from 1020 to 1780 millimeters (40 to 70 inches). The mean annual air temperature ranges from 21 to 24 degrees C (70 to 75 degrees F). The mean summer soil temperature and the mean winter soil temperature differ by less than 6 degrees C (11 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are
Kaimu,
Punaluu, and
Waiaha series. Kaimu soils are organic soils over `a`a lava. Punaluu soils are organic soils over pahoehoe lava. Waiaha soils have a lithic contact at 25 to 50 centimeters (10 to 20 inches).
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is very low to low. Permeability is moderately rapid in the soil and very slow in the underlying bedrock.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for grazing and homesite. The natural vegetation is guineagrass (Urochloa maxima), koa haole (Leucaena leucocephala), Natal redtop (Melinis repens), morning glory (Ipomoea), and lantana (Lantana camara).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North and South Kona districts, Island of Hawaii; MLRA 161B. The series is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii
1971.
REMARKS: Soil moisture - usually moist, but dry in some or all parts for short intermittent periods totaling 90 or more days during the months from October through April in most years (Ustic moisture regime).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
Mollic epipedon - from a depth of 0 to 25 centimeters (0 to 10 inches) (A1, A2/2C1, and 2C/Bw horizons).
Cambic horizon - from a depth of 25 to 99 centimeters (10 to 39 inches) (2C2/Bw1 and 2C3/Bw2 horizons).
Lithic contact - at a depth of 99 centimeters (39 inches) (2R horizon).
ADDITIONAL DATA: NASIS User Pedon ID 93HI002005. NSSL sample S94HI-001-006.
Edit Log: 11/3/99 Classification revised due to changes in Soil Taxonomy. Old Classification: Medial-skeletal, isohyperthermic Typic Eutrandepts. Competing series have been updated. MRK
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.