LOCATION KALEVA MI

Established Series
REV. RWN-LKB-MLK-MCB
07/2016

KALEVA SERIES

The Kaleva series consists of very deep, excessively drained soils on outwash plains, lake plains, and moraines. These soils are formed in sandy deposits. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 872 mm (34 in), and mean annual temperature is about 7.0 degrees C (45 degrees).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, isotic, mesic Typic Haplorthods

TYPICAL PEDON: Kaleva sand, on a north-facing, convex, 2 percent slope in a forested area at an elevation of 239 meters (785 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. When described on June 18, 1996, the soil was moist throughout.)

A--0 to 8 cm (3 in); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sand, gray (7.5YR 5/1) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine and few medium roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [2 to 10 cm (1 to 4 in) thick]

E--8 to 23 cm (3 to 9 in); 70 percent brown (7.5YR 5/2) and 30 percent brown (7.5YR 4/2) sand, light gray (7.5YR 7/1) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and few medium and coarse roots; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [5 to 28 cm (2 to 11 in) thick]

Bhs--23 to 28 cm (9 to 11 in); dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and few medium and coarse roots; very strongly acid; clear irregular boundary. [2 to 13 cm (1 to 5 in) thick]

Bs1--28 to 41 cm (11 to 16 in); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; single column of very weakly cemented dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) ortstein about 10 cm (4 in) wide extends into the Bs2 horizon; ortstein occupies 10 percent of the horizon; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.

Bs2--41 to 53 cm (16 to 21 in); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; single column of very weakly cemented dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) ortstein about 10 cm (4 in) wide extends from the Bs1 horizon through this horizon into the upper part of the C1 horizon; ortstein occupies 10 percent of the horizon; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bs horizons is 25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 in).]

C1--53 to 178 cm (21 to 70 in); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots; single column of very weakly cemented dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) ortstein about 10 cm (4 in) wide extends from the Bs2 horizon into this horizon to a depth of 94 cm (37 in); ortstein occupies 10 percent of the horizon to a depth of 94 cm; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.

C2--178 to 244 cm (70 to 96 in); very pale brown (10YR 7/4) sand; single grain; loose; about 2 percent gravel; moderately acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Manistee County, Michigan; 3 miles southeast of the village of Copemish; 100 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 26, T. 24 N., R. 14 W., Springdale Township; USGS Copemish 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 27 minutes 20 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 57 minutes 36 seconds W., NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Mean annual soil temperature: 8.3 to 9.4 degrees C (47 to 49 degrees F)
Thickness of the solum: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 in)
O horizon, where present:
Thickness: 0 to 8 cm (3 in)
Organic material: partially or well decomposed forest litter

A or Ap horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid

E horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid

Bhs horizon:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 2.5 or 3
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: sand
Ortstein content: 0 to 30 percent, occurring as weakly or very weakly cemented columns or tongues
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to moderately acid

Bs horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: sand
Ortstein content: 0 to 30 percent, occurring as weakly or very weakly cemented columns or tongues
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: very strongly acid to slightly acid

BC horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 6 or 7
Texture: sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid

C horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 6 or 7
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sand
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent gravel
Reaction: strongly acid to slightly acid

COMPETING SERIES: There are no directly competing series. Closely related series ,with mixed mineralogy class, are the Lynden and the Nessen series. Lynden soils have a mean annual soil temperature greater than 9.4 degrees C (49 degrees F). Nessen soils have carbonates in the lower part of the series control section.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kaleva soils are on outwash plains, lake plains, and moraines. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. These soils formed in sandy deposits. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 813 mm (30 to 32 in). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 9.4 degrees C (47 to 49 degrees F). Elevation is 178 to 337 meters (584 to 1,106 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Grattan, Benzonia, Brethren, Covert, Pipestone, Saugatuck, and Dair soils. The Grattan and Benzonia soils are on similar landform positions as the Kaleva soils. The Brethren, Covert, Pipestone, Saugatuck, and Dair soils are wetter members of a drainage sequence with the Kaleva soils.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Excessively drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high or very high.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested or are idle. Some areas are used for orchard crops.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96 and 98 in northwestern lower peninsula of Michigan. The series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Manistee County, Michigan, 2005.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth 23 cm (9 in) (A and E horizons).
Albic horizon: from a depth of 8 to 23 cm (3 to 9 in) (E horizon).
Spodic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 41 cm (9 to 16 in) (Bhs and Bs1 horizons).

A deep water phase is recognized.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Site of Typical Pedon: Reference Soil No. S1996MI101002, Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory Pedon No. 97P0137, Sample No. 97P00915-920.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.