LOCATION KAPUHIKANI              HI

Established Series
Rev. RCN/HHS/MRK
07/2019

KAPUHIKANI SERIES

The Kapuhikani series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in residuum from olivine basalt. Kapuhikani soils are on coastal plainss and have slopes of 3 to 15 percent. Mean annual rainfall is about 305 millimeters (12 inches) and mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C. (75 degrees F.)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, isohyperthermic Leptic Calcitorrerts

TYPICAL PEDON: Kapuhikani extremely stony clay - pasture. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted. All textures are "apparent field textures.")

A--0 to 10 centimeters (0 to 4 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist or dry extremely stony clay; strong very fine and fine granular structure; hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; common very fine interstitial pores; violent effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; slight effervescence with hydrochloric acid, confined mainly to few calcium carbonate masses less than 1 mm. in diameter; 10 percent stones cover the surface; 30 percent stones, 20 percent cobbles, and 15 percent gravels; slightly alkaline (pH 7.5); gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 15 centimeters thick)

Bkss--10 to 51 centimeters (4 to 20 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist or dry clay; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular and angular blocky; very hard, very firm, very sticky and very plastic; few fine roots; many fine tubular pores; common pressure cutans and slickensides; many olivine crystals less than 1 mm. in diameter; common calcium carbonate masses up to 1 inch long; violent effervescence with hydrogen peroxide; moderate effervescence with hydrochloric acid, confined mainly to calcium carbonate fragments; 5 percent stones, 5 percent cobbles, and 4 percent gravels; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8); gradual smooth boundary. (25 to 46 centimeters inches thick)

Ck--51 to 69 centimeters (20 to 27 inches); variegated yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) and very pale brown (10YR 8/3) highly weathered olivine basalt that breaks down to a loam on prolonged rubbing; massive; very hard, very firm, nonsticky, nonplastic and weakly smeary; common fine tubular pores; violent effervescence with hydrochloric acid; 10 percent gravel; moderately alkaline (pH 8.1); abrupt wavy boundary. (15 to 31 centimeters thick)

R--69 centimeters (27 inches); hard olivine basalt.

TYPE LOCATION: Island of Molokai, Maui County, Hawaii; Ilio Point Quadrangle - 21 degrees 06minutes 9.3seconds north latitude and 157 degrees 18minutes 42.3seconds west longitude; approximately 3-1/2 miles west southwest of Maunaloa and 0.3 mile east of Laau Point; approximately 50 feet southeast of road. (WGS84 datum)

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The soil is 51 to 91 centimeters (20 to 36 inches) deep over hard basalt. Stoniness ranges from very stony to extremely stony. Olivine crystals range from few to many throughout the profile. Mean annual soil temperature is 24 degrees C. (75 degrees F.) The soil is dry more than 6 months in most years. The A horizon is typically 10YR in hue but ranges to 7.5YR. Value and chroma in the A horizon are 2 or 3. Slickensides in the B horizon range from common to many and are weakly to strongly grooved. This soil can shrink when dry and can have wide cracks in the surface. The soil can also swell when wet.

COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Kapuhikani soils formed in residuum from olivine basalt on leeward coastal plains on West Molokai. Slopes range from 3 to 15 percent. Elevation ranges from near 0 to 152 meters (sea level to 500 feet). Mean annual rainfall is 254 to 381 centimeters (10 to 15 inches). The average January air temperature is 22 degrees C. (71 degrees F.); average July air temperature is 25 degrees C. (77 degrees F.) The mean annual air temperature is about 24 degrees C. (75 degrees F.)

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Holomua and Molokai soils. Holomua soils are deep and have silt loam texture in the A and upper B horizons. Molokai soils have hue of 2.5YR or redder below the A horizon and have kaolinitic mineralogy.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained; slow to medium runoff; moderately low saturated hydraulic conductivity.

USE AND VEGETATION: Present use is for pasture and wildlife. Present vegetation is kiawe (Prosopis pallida), uhaloa (Waltheria americana), zinnia (Zinnia pauciflora) and ilima (Sida cordifolia). The understory is sparse, with much of the surface bare.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: This soil is on the Island of Molokai, Maui County, Hawaii. The series is inextensive with a total of approximately 1,200 acres.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Island of Molokai, Maui County, Hawaii, 1961.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from 0 to 10 centimeters (A horizon).
Calcic horizon: from 10 to 69 centimeters (Bkss and Ck horizons).
Secondary carbonates: 0 to 69 centimeters (A,Bkss, and Ck horizons).
Slickensides: from 10 to 51 centimeters (Bkss horizon).
Lithic contact: at 69 centimeters (R horizon).

OSED scanned by SSQA. Last revised by state on 08/00 and 10/77.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.