LOCATION KENOMA                  KS+MO

Established Series
Rev. KHS-RWF-LEB
09/2018

KENOMA SERIES

The Kenoma series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess and/or old alluvial sediments over residuum from Pennsylvanian age shale and limestone. Kenoma soils are on plains or terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Vertic Argiudolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Kenoma silt loam, on an east-facing, convex, 2 percent slope in a native grass meadow at an elevation of 340 meters (1115 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

A--0 to 18 cm (0 to 7 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate thin platy structure parting to weak fine granular; lower 8 cm (3 inches) have weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard; friable; many fine roots throughout; many krotovinas; few fine subrounded chert fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [13 to 33 cm (5 to 13 inches) thick]

Bt1--18 to 28 cm (7 to 11 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silty clay, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine prismatic structure parting to weak very fine subangular blocky; very firm; common fine roots throughout; few fine dendritic tubular pores; few faint very dark gray (10YR 3/1) clay films on all faces of peds; few prominent light gray (10YR 7/1) silt coats on faces of peds in upper 4 cm (1.5 inches); many faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on vertical faces of peds; few krotovinas; common fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common faint black (10YR 2/1) moderately cemented iron-manganese concretions in the matrix; few fine subrounded chert fragments; moderately acid; clear irregular boundary.

Bt2--28 to 43 cm (11 to 17 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) silty clay, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; common fine roots throughout; few fine dendritic tubular pores; few distinct very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on all faces of peds; few faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on vertical faces of peds; common fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common faint black (10YR 2/1) moderately cemented manganese concretions in the matrix; few fine subrounded chert fragments; slightly acid; clear irregular boundary.

Bt3--43 to 66 cm (17 to 26 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay, brown (10YR 5/3) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very firm; few fine roots throughout; few very fine dendritic tubular pores; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on all faces of peds; few faint very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on vertical faces of peds; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common fine distinct black (10YR 2/1) spherical moderately cemented manganese concretions in matrix; few fine subrounded chert fragments; neutral; gradual irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 38 to 130 cm (15 to 51 inches).]

BC--66 to 97 cm (26 to 38 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots throughout; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common fine and medium distinct black (10YR 2/1) spherical moderately cemented manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; few fine subrounded chert fragments; moderately alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary. [0 to 51 cm (0 to 20 inches) thick]

C1--97 to 142 cm (38 to 56 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) silty clay, light brown (7.5YR 6/4) dry; massive; firm; common fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common fine and medium prominent black (10YR 2/1) spherical moderately cemented iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in the matrix; few fine subrounded chert fragments; few carbonate concretions up to 4 cm (1.5 inches) in diameter; moderately alkaline; diffuse smooth boundary.

C2--142 to 152 cm (56 to 60 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4), light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2), pale olive (5Y 6/3), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) silty clay loam; massive; firm; many black (10YR 2/1) films and stains; small fragments of decomposed shale; few small carbonate concretions up to 4 cm (1.5 inches) in diameter; moderately alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.

R--152 to 200 cm (60 to 79 inches); limestone bedrock.

TYPE LOCATION: Anderson County, Kansas; about 0.8 kilometers (0.5 mile) east of Lone Elm; 533 meters (1,750 feet) east and 168 meters (550 feet) north of the southwest corner of section 32, T. 22 S., R.20 E; USGS Kincaid, Kansas topographic quadrangle; lat. 38 degrees 4 minutes 59 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 14 minutes 14 seconds W., UTM Zone 15, 303785 easting and 4217407 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to lithic contact (limestone or shale): 152 to 200 cm (60 to 79 inches)
Depth to the top of the argillic horizon: 18 to 32 cm (7 to 13 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inches)
Thickness of the argillic horizon: 38 to 130 cm (15 to 51 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 60 percent clay and 1 to 12 percent sand
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 21 degrees C (59 to 70 degrees F)

A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3 moist, 4 or 5 dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 29 percent
Sand content: 1 to 10 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent water worn chert
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral

Bt horizon (upper):
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2 or 3, 4 or 5 dry
Chroma: 2 or 3 moist or dry
Texture: silty clay or clay
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 12 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent water worn chert
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline

Bt horizon (lower):
Hue: 10YR to 5YR
Value: 3 to 6 moist, 4 to 7 dry
Chroma: 2 to 6 moist or dry
Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay or clay
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 12 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent water worn chert
Reaction: moderately acid to moderately alkaline

C horizon:
Hue: 5YR to 5Y
Value: 4 to 6 moist, 5 to 7 dry
Chroma: 2 to 6 moist or dry
Texture: silty clay loam or silty clay
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 12 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent water worn chert; fragments of limestone and bedded shale are in some pedons
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: This is the Parisian series. Parisian soils have a solum more than 152 centimeters (60 inches) thick.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kenoma soils are on summits, shoulders and side slopes on interfluves on plains and also on terraces in the Cherokee Prairies. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. The soils formed in loess and or old alluvial sediments over residuum from Pennsylvanian age shale or limestone. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 889 to 1143 mm (35 to 45 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 13 to 18 degrees C (55 to 64 degrees F). Frost-free period is 175 to 225 days. Elevation is 220 to 465 meters (722 to 1525 feet) above mean sea level. Thornthwaites Annual P-E Index ranges from 60 to 80.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Dennis, Eram, Olpe, Summit, and Woodson soils. Dennis, Eram, and Summit soils are typically on lower topographic positions than Kenoma soils. Olpe soils occur on steeper areas and have more than 35 percent rounded coarse fragments by volume in their control section. The somewhat poorly drained Woodson soils occur on slightly concave areas above the Kenoma soils.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 75 to 100 cm (30 to 40 inches) between March and July in normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is very low. Permeability is very slow.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Kenoma soils are cultivated. Common cultivated crops are wheat, grain sorghum, corn, soybeans, and alfalfa. Native vegetation is mainly big bluestem, little bluestem, indiangrass, and switchgrass.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 112, 76, and 84A in southeast Kansas, southwest Missouri and possibly in northeast Oklahoma. The type location is in MLRA 112. The series is of large extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Anderson County, Kansas, 1972.

REMARKS: Partial analysis on 3 samples from the type location site (1971L296298) show appreciable exchangeable sodium although not enough to be a natric horizon.

At the type location the Bt horizon contains between 10 and 13 percent exchangeable sodium.

Water table data came from an ongoing water table study from Neosho County, Kansas.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 43cm (17 inches) (A, Bt1, Bt2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 18 to 66 cm (7 to 26 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3 horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features present throughout the soil profile.
There is a clay increase of 20 percent or more (absolute, in the fine-earth fraction) within the upper 7.5 cm of the argillic horizon.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.