LOCATION LALAMILO HITentative Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial, amorphic, isohyperthermic Calcic Haplotorrands
TYPICAL PEDON: Lalamilo medial fine sandy loam, on a west facing, concave 0 percent slope, under grasses, at an elevation of 74 meters (244 feet). (Colors are for moist soils unless otherwise noted. All textures are apparent field textures. pH measured with organic dyes. When described on November 3, 2003, the soil was dry throughout.)
A-- 0 to 5 centimeters (0 to 2 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) medial fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak very fine granular structure; loose, loose, nonsticky and nonplastic; nonsmeary; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular and interstitial pores; 10 percent rounded gravel; slightly hydrophobic; noneffervescent; neutral (pH 6.8); clear smooth boundary. (5 to 10 centimeters {2 to 4 inches} thick)
Bw1-- 5 to 23 centimeters (2 to 9 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) medial very fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; nonsmeary; many very fine and fine roots; many very fine irregular and interstitial pores; 5 percent rounded gravel; noneffervescent; slightly alkaline (pH 7.4); clear smooth boundary.
Bw2-- 23 to 94 centimeters (9 to 37 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) medial very fine sandy loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) dry; moderate coarse prismatic parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; moderately hard, firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; nonsmeary; common very fine and few coarse roots; few very fine interstitial and tubular pores; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizon is 83 to 91 centimeters {33 to 36 inches}).
Bkn-- 94 to 114 centimeters (37 to 45 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) medial silt loam, yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) dry; moderate medium prismatic parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, nonsticky and nonplastic; nonsmeary; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 2 percent very fine prominent spherical carbonate concretions; 2 percent strongly cemented gravel size carbonate nodules; slightly effervescent in matrix and strongly effervescent nodules; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear irregular boundary. (20 to 25 centimeters {8 to 10 inches} thick)
Bknq-- 114 to 160 centimeters (45 to 63 inches);dark yellowish brown (10YR 3/4) medial silt loam, brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) dry; 40 percent massive and 60 percent moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very hard, extremely firm, nonsticky and nonplastic; nonsmeary; few very fine roots; common very fine tubular pores; 2 percent very fine prominent spherical carbonate concretions; 40 percent strongly cemented gravel size carbonate nodules; slightly effervescent in matrix and strongly effervescent nodules; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); abrupt smooth boundary. (38 to 51 centimeters {15 to 20 inches} thick).
Bkqm-- 160 to 165 centimeters (63 to 65 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very strongly cemented material light gray (10YR 7/2) dry; massive; rigid, rigid, nonsticky and nonplastic; common fine tubular pores; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2).
TYPE LOCATION: Island of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii. Upslope of Puako in South Kohala, turn east to enter property 0.1mile north of mile marker 72 on Queen Ka`ahumanu Hwy. 19. Drive 10 meters on paved road then follow dirt road for about 50 meters. Pedon is located about 25 meters at eastern edge of depression at an elevation of 74 meters (244 feet). Puu Hinai Quadrangle; lat. 19 degrees 57 minutes 21.6 seconds N. and long. 155 degrees 49 minutes 43.6 seconds W. Old Hawaiian Datum.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to bedrock: 102 to greater than 152 centimeters (40 to greater than 60 inches).
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C. (72 to 75 degrees F.)
Depth to calcic horizon: 50 to 125 centimeters (20 to 49 inches).
Some pedons may have a petrocalcic/duripan horizon at greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches).
A horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR.
Value: 2 to 4 moist and dry.
Chroma: 2 to 4 moist and dry.
Texture: medial fine sandy loam, medial silt loam or medial very fine sandy loam.
Structure: weak or moderate granular, subangular blocky, prismatic, or platy.
Some A horizons are slightly hydrophobic when dry.
Reaction: neutral to slightly alkaline (pH 6.6 to 7.8).
Bw horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR.
Value: 3 to 5 moist or dry.
Chroma: 3 to 6 moist or dry.
Texture: nongravelly to gravelly medial fine sandy loam, medial silt loam or medial very fine sandy loam.
Structure: weak or moderate prismatic parting to angular blocky or subangular blocky.
Reaction: slightly alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.4 to 8.6).
Bkn and Bkqn horizon
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR.
Value: 3 to 6 moist or dry.
Chroma: 4 to 6 moist or dry.
Texture: nongravelly to very gravelly medial fine sandy loam, medial silt loam or medial very fine sandy loam.
Structure: weak subangular blocky or massive.
Carbonate nodules: 2 to 60 percent gravel size
Reaction: moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline (pH 7.9 to 8.7).
COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series. Similar soils include Hapuna and Waikui series.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Lalamilo soils are on lower elevation, leeward slopes on Mauna Kea Volcano at elevations from sea level to 610 meters (0 to 2,000 feet). These soils are on toeslope and footslope positions of undulating to hilly `a`a flows that are 65,000 to 250,000 years old. Slope gradients range from 0 to 6 percent. The soils formed in alluvium over basic volcanic ash over `a`a lava. The mean annual rainfall ranges from 178 to 254 millimeters (7 to 10 inches), with most of the rainfall occurring from October through April. The mean annual pan evaporation ranges from 2,286 to 2,540 meters (90 to 100 inches). The mean annual temperature ranges from 21 to 24 degrees C. (70 to 75 degrees F.) The mean summer soil temperature and the mean winter soil temperature differ by less than 6 degrees C. (11 degrees F.)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Hapuna, Kiholo, Puako and Waikui series. Hapuna soils are medial-skeletal and have a petrocalcic horizon at 50 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches). Kiholo soils have a lithic contact at 5 to 50 centimeters (2 to 20 inches). Puako soils are alluvial soils with coarse-loamy texture in the control section. Waikui soils are medial-skeletal.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is low. Permeability is moderately rapid in the soil and very slow in the petrocalcic/duripan horizon. Hydrophobic conditions in the surface can reduce infiltration.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mostly for wildlife habitat. Vegetation is buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris), uhaloa (Waltheria Americana), and Kiawe (Prosopis pallida).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South Kohala District, Island of Hawaii; MLRA 157. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.
SERIES PROPOSED: Island of Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii, 2004.
REMARKS: Soil moisture - dry for more than half the year and not moist in any part for as long as 90 cumulative days in most years (aridic/torric moisture regime).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Andic soil properties - 0 to 160 centimeters (0 to 63 inches) (A, Bw, Bkn and Bkqn horizons).
Cambic horizon - 5 to 94 centimeters (2 to 37 inches) (Bw horizons).
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 5 centimeters (0 to 2 inches) (A horizon)
Calcic horizon - 94 to 114 centimeters (37 to 45 inches) (Bkn horizon).
Petrocalcic horizon - 160 to 165 centimeters (63 to 65 inches) (Bkqm horizons).
Duripan horizon - 114 to 165 centimeters (45 to 65 inches) (Bkqm and Bkqn horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: NSSL sample S95HI-001-006.