LOCATION LIVONA NDEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Argiustolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Livona fine sandy loam; on a south-facing plane slope in native grass. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise stated. Where described the soil was moist to 42 inches.)
A--0 to 8 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam, very dark brown (10YR 2/2) moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; many fine roots; many fine pores; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
Bw--8 to 15 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) fine sandy loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and nonplastic; common fine roots; common fine pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
Bt1--15 to 19 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy clay loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; strong medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; common pores; thin clay films of very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist on faces of prisms; neutral; clear wavy boundary.
2Bt2--19 to 24 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay loam, dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) moist; strong coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; hard, firm, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common fine roots; common fine pores; common thin clay films on faces of prisms; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (Combined Bt and 2Bt horizons 6 to 16 inches thick)
2Bk1--24 to 40 inches; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay loam, light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) moist; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; common fine pores; many medium masses of carbonates; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2Bk2--40 to 52 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) loam, olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) moist; few medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; weak coarse and fine subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few fine pores; 2 percent coarse fragments; common white carbonates in threads and masses; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (Combined 2Bk horizons 6 to 36 inches thick)
2C--52 to 60 inches; pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) loam, light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) moist; few very fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) mottles; massive; friable; 2 percent coarse fragments; few carbonates in masses and threads; slight effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Burleigh County, North Dakota; about 1 mile south of Moffit; 1,570 feet west and 50 feet south of the northeast corner, sec. 29, T. 137 N., R. 76 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The moderately coarse textured surface material ranges from 10 to 20 inches in thickness and depth to carbonates ranges from 13 to 36 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 16 inches in thickness. The underlying glacial till contains 2 to 8 percent coarse fragments.
The A horizon has a hue of 10YR, value of 3 or 4 and 2 or 3 moist, and chroma of 2. It typically is fine sandy loam, but the range includes sandy loam, loam, or loamy fine sand. It is neutral.
The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 3 to 5 and 2 to 4 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sandy loam or sandy loam. It is neutral.
The Bt and 2Bt horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6 and 3 to 5 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. They are sandy clay loam, loam, or clay loam. They are neutral or mildly alkaline. Some pedons have a Btk horizon. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
The 2Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 7 and 4 to 6 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam or clay loam. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline. It has both disseminated and few or common masses of carbonates. It has a calcium carbonate equivalent of about 4 to 15 percent.
The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to 7 and 3 to 6 moist, and chroma of 2 to 4. It commonly is loam or clay loam glacial till, but in some pedons, soft sedimentary rock is below depths of 40 inches. It is mildly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES These are the Bookcliff, Bullflat, Dooley, Empedrado, Fairfield, Farnuf, Felor, Greenway, Gurney, Hangdo, Krem, Lefor, Lininger, Martinsdale, Moen, Reeder, Sponseller, Trag, Ulrant, Vida, Watrous, Wemple, Williams and Yegen series in the same family and the Max soils. Bookcliff, Bullflat, Gurney, Hangdo and Ulrant soils do not have glacial till within depths of 10 to 20 inches. Dooley soils are 20 to 40 inches deep to glacial till and have more sand in the lower part of the sola. Empedrado soils formed in materials weathered from rhyolite, andesite and trachyte. Fairfield and Martinsdale soils have calcic horizons with more than 20 percent calcium carbonate equivalent. In addition, Fairfield soils contain carbonates within depths of 10 inches. Farnuf soils formed in alluvium and commonly are stratified. Felor soils have clayey sediments with 35 to 50 percent clay between 20 and 35 inches deep. Greenway soils have more clay in the lower part of the solum. Krem soils have a sandy epipedon 20 to 40 inches thick over glacial till. Lefor and Yegen soils have more sand in the Bt horizons. In addition, Lefor soils have soft sedimentary beds at depths of 20 to 40 inches. Lininger soils have metamorphic bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Moen, Reeder, and Watrous soils have bedrock at a depth of 20 to 40 inches. Sponseller soils have a paralithic contact at depths of 40 to 60 inches. Trag soils do not have accumulations of secondary carbonates. Vida soils have the base of the argillic above a depth of 10 inches. Wemple soils are more acid in the upper part of the solum and are formed in material containing volcanic ash. Williams soils have less than 10 inches of moderately coarse textured A horizon. Max soils do not have argillic horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Livona soils are on level to rolling upland till plains which are covered by eolian materials. The slope gradient ranges from 0 to 15 percent. The soils formed in moderately coarse textured eolian materials in the upper part and loamy till in the lower part. Mean annual temperatures ranges from 38 to 45 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation from 13 to 17 inches. Most of the precipitation falls in spring and summer.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the competing Williams soils and the Flaxton, Lihen and Parshall soils. Williams soils are on nearby uplands. Flaxton soils are in complex with Livona and are on slightly concave areas and are pachic. Lihen and Parshall soils do not have argillic horizons. In addition, Lihen soils are sandy and Parshall soils are coarse-loamy.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is moderate. Permeability is moderate in the upper solum and moderately slow in the lower solum and substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for growing small grains, corn, flax, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is needleandthread, prairie sandreed and western wheatgrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central North Dakota, usually adjacent to glacial outwash areas in the Missouri River Watershed. It is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Burleigh County, North Dakota, 1970.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 15 inches (A and Bw horizons); argillic horizons - the zone from 15 to 24 inches (Bt1 and 2Bt2 horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to SU73NDak-29-1 from North Dakota State University Agricultural Experiment Station.