LOCATION PAPINEAU IL+INEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over clayey, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Papineau sandy loam - in a cultivated field with a slope of 1 percent on an old lake plain at an elevation of 168 meters (552 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); black (10YR 2/1) sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; common very fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary
A--25 to 33 cm (10 to 13 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy clay loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few very fine roots; few fine faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions in the matrix; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches).]
BA--33 to 43 cm (13 to 17 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) sandy clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; few fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 inches) thick]
Btg1--43 to 61 cm (17 to 24 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few very fine roots; common distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; common fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
Btg2--61 to 81 cm (24 to 32 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) sandy clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common distinct dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; many fine prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btg horizon is 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches).]
2BCg--81 to 104 cm (32 to 41 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) clay; weak medium prismatic structure; very firm; many coarse prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) and common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. [15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 inches) thick]
2Cdg--104 to 152 cm (41 to 60 inches); gray (5Y 5/1) clay; massive; very firm; many coarse prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) masses of iron accumulation in the matrix; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Grundy County, Illinois; about 0.8 kilometers (0.5 mile) west of Carbon Hill; 590 meters (1935 feet) north and 590 meters (1935 feet) east of the southwest corner of sec. 33, T. 33 N., R. 8 E.; USGS Coal City topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 17 minutes 33 seconds N. and long. 88 degrees 19 minutes 00 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 389736 easting and 4572062 northing, NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The depth to the base of soil development and densic contact ranges from 91 to 122 cm (36 to 48 inches). The depth to the clayey material ranges from 64 to 102 cm (25 to 40 inches). The depth to carbonates ranges from 76 to 117 cm (30 to 46 inches). The thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 25 to 46 cm (10 to 18 inches).
The Ap or A horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or sandy clay loam.
The Btg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It commonly has redoximorphic features with higher chroma. Texture commonly is sandy clay loam but ranges from sandy loam to clay loam. The sand-sized grains are dominantly medium or fine. The variability of the sand indicates stratification at the time of deposition. Reaction is moderately acid in some subhorizon and ranges from moderately acid to neutral.
The 2BCg horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is clay or silty clay, and it commonly contains a component of sand that ranges to as much as 25 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline.
The 2Cdg horizon has hue of 5Y, 2.5Y, or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. Texture is silty clay or clay and in some pedons contains strata of coarser textures. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series in this family. The Mokena soils are in a related family. They lack a strongly contrasting particle-size class.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Papineau soils are on glacial lake plains or on till plains. These upland soils have a slope gradient of 0 to 3 percent. These soils formed in loamy outwash or eolian deposits and the underlying clayey lacustrine deposits or clayey glacial drift. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C (45 to 52 degrees F), mean annual precipitation ranges from 711 to 1016 mm (28 to 40 inches), frost-free period ranges from 140 to 180 days, and elevation ranges from 156 to 285 meters (512 to 935 feet) above sea level.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ade, Bryce, Gilford, Ridgeville, Selma, and Swygert soils. Ade, Gilford, Ridgeville, and Selma soils do not have clayey material in the lower one-half of the series control section. Bryce and Swygert soils contain more clay in upper one-half of the series control section. In addition, the somewhat excessively drained Ade soils are on higher landform positions, and the poorly drained Bryce, Gilford, and Selma soils are on lower landform positions. The somewhat poorly drained Ridgeville soils are on similar landform positions as the Papineau soils.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The depth to an intermittent perched seasonal high water table ranges from 25 to 61 cm (1 to 2 feet) at some time between January and May in normal years. The potential for surface runoff is low or medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/s) in the loamy material and moderately low or moderately high (0.14 to 1.41 micrometers/s) in the clayey material. Permeability is moderate in the loamy material and slow or very slow in the clayey material.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Papineau soils are cultivated. Corn and soybeans are the principal crops. Native vegetation is tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern Illinois and northwestern Indiana. The series is of small extent in MLRA 110.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Iroquois County, Illinois, 1939.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface to 33 cm (0 to 13 inches) (Ap and A horizon); argillic horizon - the zone from 43 to 81 cm (17 to 32 inches) (Btg1 and Btg2); strongly contrasting particle size classes - the contact between theBtg2 and 2BCg horizons; udic moisture regime.