LOCATION PINEOLA NC+VA
Established Series
Rev. JWT-JAK-DHK
03/2022
PINEOLA SERIES
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Humic Hapludults
TYPICAL PEDON: Pineola gravelly loam on a 10 percent slope mountain ridge, elevation 4,100 feet--forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 7 inches; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly loam; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many fine and few medium roots; 20 percent by volume gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
Bt--7 to 20 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and few medium roots; 8 percent by volume gravel; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 29 inches thick)
BC--20 to 26 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and few medium roots; 10 percent by volume gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
C--26 to 32 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) gravelly loam saprolite; many medium distinct very pale brown (10YR 7/4) mottles; massive; friable; few very fine and fine roots; 20 percent by volume gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 15 inches thick)
Cr--32 to 61 inches; weathered, multicolored, partially consolidated low-grade metasiltstone that can be dug with difficulty by spade.
TYPE LOCATION: Avery County, North Carolina; about 0.2 miles east of Linville, North Carolina on U.S. Highway 221, 1.3 miles south on secondary road 1510, 200 feet southeast on logging road, 30 feet east of road in woods; USGS Grandfather Mountain topographic quadrangle: lat. 36 degrees 04 minutes 25 seconds N., and long. 81 degrees 51 minutes 34 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS
Solum thickness: 15 to 39 inches
Depth to soft bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to weathered bedrock (paralithic contact--Cr)
Depth to hard bedrock: More than 40 inches to unweathered bedrock (lithic contact--R)
Content of mica flakes: None to common
Content and size of rock fragments: Less than 35 percent in the A and B horizons and less than 50 percent in the C horizons; including pebbles, cobbles, channers or stones, but are dominantly gravel or channers
Rock fragments on the surface: None to 15 percent; mostly stones or boulders
Soil reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid unless limed
A or Ap horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
AB or BA horizon (if it occurs):
color--hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or silt loam
Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--clay loam, sandy clay loam, loam or silty clay loam
Mottles (non-redoximorphic; if they occur)--shades of yellow or brown
BC horizon (if it occurs):
Color--matrix has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7 and chroma of 4 to 8, or is multicolored in shades of red, brown, yellow, black, or white
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam or silt loam
Mottles (non-redoximorphic; if they occur)--shades of yellow or brown
C horizon (if it occurs):
Color--matrix has hue of 5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 8 or is multicolored in shades of red, brown, yellow, black, or white
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam or silt loam
Mottles (non-redoximorphic; if they occur)--shades of yellow or brown
Cr layer:
Type of bedrock--weathered, multicolored low-grade metasedimentary bedrock that is partially consolidated but can be dug with difficulty with a spade. Roots, where present, are in cracks or seams spaced more than 4 inches apart.
COMPETING SERIES
--Royce soils, which contain more silt and shale fragments in the particle-size control section
--Saunook soils, which are very deep to bedrock and formed in colluvial material
--Statler soils, which are very deep to bedrock and formed in alluvial material
--Trimont soils, which are very deep to bedrock and formed in residual material
Note: Competing series have not been updated since most of these will also require reclassification using the 7th Edition of Keys to Soil Taxonomy (1996).
LANDFORM: Ridges and hill slopes
LANDSCAPE POSITION (Hill slope component): Summits, shoulder slopes, and back slopes
LANDSCAPE POSITION (Geomorphic surface): Interfluve, nose slope, and side slopes
DEPTH CLASS: Moderately deep
DRAINAGE CLASS: Well drained
PERMEABILITY: Moderate
SURFACE RUNOFF CLASS: Medium on gentle slopes, high on strong or moderately steep slopes, and very high on steeper slopes--Runoff is much lower where forest litter has little or disturbance
PARENT MATERIAL: Residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks
MEAN ANNUAL PRECIPITATION (type location): About 55 inches
MEAN ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (type location): About 48 degrees F
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS
--Crossnore soils, which have less crystalline clay in the particle-size control section, on similar landforms
--Jeffrey soils, which have less clay in the particle-size control section and are moderately deep to hard bedrock, on similar landforms
--Harmiller soils, which lack the humic extragrade feature, on similar landforms usually at lower elevations
--Whiteoak soils, which are very deep to bedrock and formed in colluvial material, on similar landforms and in small drains and coves
SOIL PROPERTIES AND QUALITIES
Depth class: Moderately deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderate
Surface runoff: Medium on gentle slopes, high on strong or moderately steep slopes, and very high on steeper slopes
Parent material: Residuum usually affected by soil creep in the upper part, weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks
Mean annual precipitation (type location): About 48 degrees F
Mean annual temperature (type location): About 48 degrees F
(SOI-5 information to be added from database once SIR is stored at AMES)
MAJOR USES: Woodland and a few small areas are used for cropland, pasture or hayland, and urban development
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Morgantown, West Virginia
DOMINANT OVERSTORY SPECIES: Chestnut oak, white oak, scarlet oak, northern red oak, black oak, hickory, eastern white pine, with some Virginia pine and pitch pine
DOMINANT UNDERSTORY SPECIES: Rhododendron, mountain laurel, sourwood, blueberry, striped maple, greenbriar, red maple, black locust, flowering dogwood
DISTRIBUTION: North Carolina and Virginia and possibly Georgia, South Carolina, and Tennessee
EXTENT: Small
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Avery County, North Carolina; 1997
REMARKS: Soils now included with the Pineola series were previously mapped with Harmiller soils. Harmiller soils do not have the a humic extragrade feature and have siliceous mineralogy.
The 1/98 revision places the Pineola series in a fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Humic Hapludults family. CEC activity class placement is based on family placement of similar soils such as Trimont. Additionally, depth to hard bedrock was changed from greater than 60 inches to greater than 40 inches.
Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon (humic feature) - the zone from the soil surface to a depth of 7 inches (A horizon)
Argillic horizon - the zone from 7 to 26 inches (Bt and BC horizons)
Paralithic contact - weathered bedrock contact at 32 inches (upper boundary of the Cr horizon)
MLRA: 130 SIR(s): NC0300
REVISED: 03/28/96-JAK; 1/98-DHK
2/2022 Oi layer was removed from the typical pedon description because /freshly fallen, or undecomposed leaf litter or simlar undeceomposed material should not be included as a surface layer in the soil description. The typical pedon originally had a top layer described as undecomposed leaf material or similar undecomposed material. WJN
ADDITIONAL DATA: Mineralogy data is available from the Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln NE; pedon number S95-NC-011-002. However, initial analysis indicated paramicaceous mineralogy, but subsequent grain counts on the same samples, performed at the West Virginia University characterization lab by MO-13 personnel, indicate mixed mineralogy with only about 3 or 5 percent mica by grain count.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.