LOCATION PULLMAN                 TX

Established Series
Rev. FBP-WMR-TCB
09/2022

PULLMAN SERIES

The Pullman series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in clayey eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils occur on nearly level to very gently sloping plains or playa slopes. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 483 mm (19 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 16 degrees C (60 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, thermic Torrertic Paleustolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Pullman clay loam, on a nearly level plain, 0.3 percent slope in cultivated field at an elevation of about 1,189 m (3,900 ft). (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 13 cm (0 to 5 in); brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; hard, friable; common fine and medium roots; cracks 1.0 cm wide extend through horizon; few very fine and fine iron manganese concretions; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. (10 to 38 cm thick)

Bt1--13 to 46 cm (5 to 18 in); brown (7.5YR 4/2) clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; common pressure faces on ped surfaces; very hard, very firm; common distinct clay films on ped surfaces; common very fine and fine roots, cracks 1.0 cm wide extend through horizon; few fine tubular pores; few fine iron manganese concretions; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2--46 to 84 cm (18 to 33 in); brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; common pressure faces on ped surfaces; very hard, very firm; common distinct clay films on ped surfaces; few very fine and fine roots; cracks 0.5 cm wide extend through horizon; few very fine and fine tubular pores; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizons is 60 to 120 cm.)

Btk1--84 to 132 cm (33 to 52 in); brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium angular blocky; common pressure faces on ped surfaces; very hard, very firm; common distinct clay films on ped surfaces; few very fine roots; few very fine and fine tubular pores; about 3 percent calcium carbonate by volume as films, filaments, and nodules; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary. (13 to 51 cm [5 to 20 in] thick)

Btk2--132 to 168 cm (52 to 66 in); yellowish red (5YR 5/6) clay, yellowish red (5YR 4/6) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, firm; few faint clay films on ped surfaces; few fine and very fine tubular pores; about 25 percent calcium carbonate by volume in the form of masses and nodules; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Btk horizons is 60 to 130 cm.)

Btk3--168 to 203 cm (66 to 80 in); reddish yellow (5YR 7/6) clay loam, reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) moist; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, friable; few faint clay films on ped surfaces; about 40 percent calcium carbonate by volume in the form of masses and nodules; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION:
Deaf Smith County, Texas; from the intersection of U.S. Highway 385 and U.S. Highway 60 in Hereford; 11.5 miles north on Highway 385; 1000 ft. east in cultivated field; USGS topographic quadrangle: Milo Center, Texas
Latitude: 34 degrees, 58 minutes, 28.5 seconds N;
Longitude: 102 degrees, 24 minutes, 02.2 seconds W;
Datum: NAD 83.
Decimal Degrees
Std Latitude: 34.9745833
Std Longitude: -102.4006111

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F).
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in).
Linear extensibility of top 1 m (40 in): 6 to 9 cm.
Depth to secondary carbonates: 50 to 76 cm (20 to 30 in).
Depth to calcic horizon: 76 to 150 cm (30 to 60 in).
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in).
Particle-size control section:
Silicate clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Carbonate clay content: 0 to 3 percent

A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam
Total clay content: 27 to 40 percent
Effervescence: none
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline

Upper Bt horizons:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, silty clay loam
Total clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Effervescence: none
Reaction: slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline

Lower Bt horizons:
Hue: 5YR to 7.5YR
Value: 4 or 5 dry, 3 or 4 moist
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, silty clay loam
Total clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Carbonate clay content: 0 to 3 percent
Visible calcium carbonate: less than 2 percent by volume as films, filaments, and nodules.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent
Effervescence: none to slight
Reaction: slightly alkaline to moderately alkaline

Btk horizons:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: silty clay, clay, clay loam, silty clay loam
Total clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Carbonate clay content: 2 to 25 percent
Visible calcium carbonate: 3 to 50 percent by volume as films, filaments, masses, and nodules.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 3 to 60 percent
Effervescence: strong or violent
Reaction: moderately alkaline

Btkk horizon (where present):
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 6 to 8 dry, 5 to 7 moist
Chroma: 1 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay
Total clay content: 35 to 50 percent
Visible calcium carbonate: 50 to 70 percent by volume as masses, nodules, and finely disseminated carbonates.
Effervescence: violent
Reaction: moderately alkaline to strongly alkaline

COMPETING SERIES:
Pantex is the only competing series in the same family. Similar soils include the Acuff, Lofton, Olton, Perryton, Sherm, and Zella series.
Pantex series: have a calcic horizon at depths greater than 150 cm (60 in) of the mineral soil surface.
Acuff series: have between 18 and 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
Lofton series: have a calcic horizon between 100 and 150 cm (40 and 60 in) of the mineral soil surface; in addition Lofton does not have a hue of 7.5YR or redder.
Olton series: has a linear extensibility of 6 cm or less in the top 1 m (40 in); in addition Olton has a calcic horizon less than 150 cm (60 in) of the mineral soil surface.
Perryton, Sherm, and Zella series: have an average annual soil temperature less than
15 degrees C (59 degrees F).

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: clayey eolian deposits from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age.
Landform: nearly level to very gently sloping plains or playa slopes.
Slope: 0 to 3 percent.
Precipitation pattern: These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through June. July through August and December through February are the driest months.
Mean annual precipitation: 432 to 533 mm (17 to 21 in).
Thornthwaite annual P-E Index: 25 to 36.
Mean annual air temperature: 14 to 17 degrees C (57 to 62 degrees F).
Frost-free period: 185 to 220 days.
Elevation: 975 to 1,402 m (3,200 to 4,600 ft).

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
These are the Bovina, Estacado, Lazbuddie, Lockney, Lofton, McLean, Olton, Pep, and Randall series.
Bovina, Estacado, and Pep soils: are on similar landscape positions but have less than 35 percent clay in the particle-size control section.
Lazbuddie, Lockney, Lofton, McLean, and Randall soils: are on lower landscape positions in playa basins or depressions and are wet for longer periods.
Olton soils: are on similar landscape positions.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability class: Slow
Runoff: medium on less than 1 percent slopes and high on 1 to 3 percent slopes

USE AND VEGETATION:
Mainly cultivated to irrigated and dryland cotton, corn, grain sorghum, and winter wheat. Climax vegetation in rangeland includes blue grama and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, galleta or tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairie clover. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland (R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General area: Western Texas
Land Resource Region: H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region
MLRA 77C - Southern High Plains, Southern Part
Extent: Large

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Temple, Texas

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Potter County, Texas; 1929.

REMARKS: This is a benchmark soil.

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle-size control section: 13 to 63 cm (5 to 25_in)
Mollic epipedon: 0 to 84 cm (0 to 33 in) (Ap, Bt horizons)
Argillic horizon: 13 to 203 cm (5 to 80 in) (Bt, Btk horizons)
Calcic horizon: 132 to 203 cm (52 to 80 in) (Btk2, Btk3 horizons)
Vertic properties: LE of more than 6.0 cm in the top 1 meter and cracks 5 mm or more wide extend from the surface to 84 cm.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
NSSL data available on mechanical analysis and mineralogy -
Sample nos.: S99TX-117-001 (Deaf Smith County, Texas);
S97TX-153-001 (Floyd County, Texas);
S80TX-375-001, S80TX-375-002, S80TX-375-003 (Potter County, Texas);
S95TX-381-001, S95TX-381-002, S95TX-381-003, S91TX-381-001, S79TX-381-003, S79TX-381-005 (Randall County, Texas);
S94TX-437-001, S94TX-437-002, S94TX-437-003 (Swisher County, Texas).

Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1372, Pullman Soils: Distribution, importance, variability, and management; P.W. Unger and F.B. Pringle (1981).

Taxonomic Version: Keys to Soil Taxonomy, Twelfth Edition, 2014.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.