LOCATION PENALOSA KS
Established Series
Rev. JCW, RMM, BKN
07/2020
PENALOSA SERIES
The Penalosa series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium. Penalosa soils are on paleoterraces in river valleys of the Great Bend Sand Plains, MLRA 79. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 740 millimeters (29 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (56 degrees F), at the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Udertic Argiustolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Penalosa silt loam - on a 0 percent slope summit in cropland at an elevation of 479 meters (1572 feet). (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.) As described on August 15, 1990.
Ap1--0 to 13 centimeters (0 to 5 inches); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine granular structure; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 21 percent clay; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.
Ap2--13 to 25 centimeters (5 to 10 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; weak fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 21 percent clay; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Ap horizon ranges from 15 to 50 centimeters (6 to 20 inches) thick.)
Bt1--25 to 36 centimeters (10 to 14 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 39 percent clay; few faint patchy very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical faces of peds and few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, organic coats on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bt2--36 to 56 centimeters (14 to 22 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/3) silty clay loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky and moderate medium subangular blocky; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 37 percent clay; common distinct discontinuous dark brown (7.5YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds; common fine rounded iron-manganese concretions throughout; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 15 to 100 centimeters (6 to 39 inches) thick.)
Btss1--56 to 71 centimeters (22 to 28 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; strong fine and medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine angular blocky and strong fine subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 37 percent clay; few distinct continuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and very few prominent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, nonintersecting slickensides on horizontal faces of peds; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btss2--71 to 86 centimeters (28 to 34 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; few fine faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist irregular mottles throughout; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 36 percent clay; few distinct continuous very dark brown (10YR 2/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and few distinct patchy very dark brown (10YR 2/2), moist, nonintersecting slickensides on horizontal faces of peds; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); neutral; clear wavy boundary.
Btss3--86 to 99 centimeters (34 to 39 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam, very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) moist; common fine and medium faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) moist irregular mottles throughout; weak medium prismatic structure parting to strong fine and medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine roots throughout; 32 percent clay; common distinct discontinuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and common distinct discontinuous very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2), moist, nonintersecting slickensides on horizontal faces of peds; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); neutral; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Btss horizon ranges from 25 to 89 centimeters (10 to 35 inches) thick.)
BC--99 to 122 centimeters (39 to 48 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) moist; common fine and medium prominent brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist irregular redoximorphic concentrations throughout; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak fine and medium subangular blocky; slightly hard, friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots throughout; many very fine tubular pores; 26 percent clay; few fine rounded masses of carbonate throughout; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 30 centimeters ( 0 to 12 inches) thick.)
2Btkssb1--122 to 155 centimeters (48 to 61 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silty clay loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; common fine and medium faint dark gray (10YR 4/1) moist irregular mottles throughout and common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist irregular redoximorphic concentrations throughout; strong fine and medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots between peds; 39 percent clay; common distinct continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and few distinct discontinuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, nonintersecting slickensides on horizontal faces of peds; common fine irregular masses of iron-manganese accumulation throughout and common medium irregular iron concretions throughout and common fine and medium irregular carbonate concretions throughout; slightly effervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2Btkssb2--155 to 180 centimeters (61 to 71 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) silty clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) moist; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist irregular redoximorphic concentrations throughout; moderate fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, very sticky and very plastic; few very fine roots between peds; 36 percent clay; common distinct continuous dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2), moist, clay films on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and few prominent discontinuous very dark gray (N 3/0), moist, manganese or iron-manganese stains in root channels and or pores; many fine and medium irregular carbonate concretions throughout and common fine and medium rounded iron-manganese concretions throughout; slightly effervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2Btkssb3--180 to 200 centimeters (71 to 80 inches); light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) clay loam, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; common coarse distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist irregular redoximorphic depletions throughout and many coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) moist irregular redoximorphic concentrations throughout; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky; very hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; 30 percent clay; common distinct continuous clay films on vertical faces of peds and common distinct patchy clay films on horizontal faces of peds and very few distinct patchy nonintersecting slickensides on horizontal faces of peds and very few distinct patchy manganese or iron-manganese stains on vertical and horizontal faces of peds and few distinct discontinuous carbonate coats in root channels and or pores; common fine and medium rounded carbonate concretions throughout and few fine and medium rounded iron-manganese concretions throughout; noneffervescent throughout (HCl, 1 normal); neutral; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 2Btkssb horizon ranges from 0 to 89 centimeters (0 to 35 inches) thick.)
TYPE LOCATION: Reno County, KS; about 9.7 kilometers (6 miles) south of Yoder; located about 17 meters (55 feet) south and 684 meters (2243 feet) west of the northeast corner of sec. 23, T.25.S. R.5 W.; USGS Haven SE topographic quadrangle; latitude 37 degrees 52 minutes 5.7 seconds N. and longitude 97 degrees 50 minutes 14.6 seconds W., WGS84.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture regime: ustic bordering on udic
Soil temperature regime: mesic
Mollic epipedon thickness: 50 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches)
Argillic horizon thickness: 30 to 120 centimeters (12 to 47 inches)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: greater than 76 centimeters (30 inches)
Depth to redox concentrations: usually greater than to 76 centimeters (30 inches)
Depth to redox depletions: greater than 102 centimeters (40 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 200 centimeters (80 inches)
Vertic features: 50 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches)
Soil moisture: The soil moisture control section is intermittently moist in some part from March through October; driest in November through February
Mean annual soil temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (56 to 58 degrees F)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 48 percent clay
Sand content: 5 to 35 percent sand
Ap horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist
Chroma: 2 or 3 dry or moist
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 15 to 30 percent
Sand content: 5 to 25 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral
Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist
Chroma: 2 or 3 dry or moist
Texture: silty clay loam or silty clay
Clay content: 27 to 40 percent
Sand content: 5 to 19 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral
Btss horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5 dry, 2 to 4 moist
Chroma: 2 to 4 dry or moist
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam or silty clay
Clay content: 30 to 50 percent
Sand content: 5 to 30 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 6 moist or dry
Chroma: 2 to 4 dry or moist
Texture: silt loam, loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content: 15 to 30 percent
Sand content: 5 to 35 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
2Btkssb horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6 moist or dry
Chroma: 2 to 4 dry or moist
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, or silty clay
Clay content: 30 to 50 percent
Sand content: 5 to 35 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
COMPETING SERIES: These are no competing soils.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Penalosa soils
Parent material: alluvium
Landform: paleoterraces in river valleys
Slopes: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation: 426 to 518 meters (1400 to 1700 feet)
Mean annual air temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (55 to 57 degrees F).
Mean annual precipitation: 640 to 810 millimeters (25 to 32 inches)
Precipitation pattern: Precipitation is usually evenly distributed throughout the year with the exception of November through February being the driest months and May and June being the wettest months. Summer precipitation occurs during intense summer thunderstorms.
Frost-free period: 187 to 225 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
These are the
Avans,
Clark,
Ost, and
Taver series.
Avans soils have 18 to 34 percent clay in their control section and are on similar positions.
Clark and
Ost have 18 to 34 percent clay in their control section have secondary calcium carbonates occurring above 71 centimeters (28 inches), and also occur on side slopes lower on the landform.
Taver soils have a mollic epipedon less than 50 centimeters thick (less than 20 inches), are in concave positions on the landform, and are moderately well drained.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage: well drained.
Runoff: low runoff
Saturated hydraulic conductivity: moderately low
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for small grains and sorghum. Some areas are used for pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: South Central Kansas, Land Resource Region H, Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range; MLRA 79, Great Bend Sand Plains. This series is of large extent.
SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Salina, Kansas
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Reno County, KS 1999
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: The zone from 0 to 86 centimeters (0 to34 inches) (Ap1, Ap2, Bt1, Bt2, Btss1, Btss2)
Argillic horizon: The zone from 25 to 99 centimeters (10 to 39 inches) (Bt1, Bt2, Btss1, Btss2, Btss3)
Redoximorphic features: 99 to 200 centimeters (39 to 80 inches) (BC, 2Btkssb1, 2Btkssb2, 2Btkssb3)
Vertic features: 56 to 99 centimeters (22 to 39 inches) (Btss1, Btss2, Btss3)
Keys to Soil Taxonomy: Twelfth edition, 2014
This soil was formerly mapped as Bethany.
This soil was reclassified to meet new taxonomy of pachic udertic argiustoll 2011 JCW.
1/2017 BKN Added clay and sand contents to RIC. Added precipitation pattern to geographic settings. Updated Keys to Soil Taxonomy to twelfth edition. Added pedons 08KS155001 and 91KS155005 to additional data.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory data is available for Pedon IDs 90KS155011, 08KS155001, and 91KS155005
________________________________________
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.