LOCATION STOUGH MS AL AR LA

Established Series
Rev. CCH-JVG-AMS
10/2018

STOUGH SERIES

The Stough series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils that occur on stream terraces and interfluves. They formed in loamy sediments of fluvial or marine origin. Slopes ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1422 millimeters (56 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 19 degrees C (66 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Fragiaquic Paleudults

TYPICAL PEDON: Stough fine sandy loam, on a nearly level loblolly pine plantation. On a tread of a terrace at an elevation of 53 meters (174 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated).

Ap-- 0 to 20 centimeters (0 to 8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine through very coarse roots; few fine faint brown (10YR 4/3) and medium faint black (10YR 2/1) iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; extremely acid, clear wavy boundary. [8 to 30 centimeters thick (3 to 12 inches)].

B/E-- 20 to 36 centimeters (8 to 14 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine and medium roots throughout; common medium distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2), moist, irregular shaped iron depletions with clear boundaries, and 15 percent medium distinct black (10YR 2/1), moist, iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries and 15 percent medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; very strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. [0 to 20 centimeters thick (0 to 8 inches)].

Bt-- 36 to 89 centimeters (14 to 35 inches); 40 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 40 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and 20 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) loam in a variegated pattern; weak coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots throughout; few faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent black (10YR 2/1), moist, and common medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; very strongly acid; brittle and compact in about 30 percent of the matrix; gradual wavy boundary.

Btx-- 89 to 137 centimeters (35 to 54 inches); 40 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) and 30 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam in a variegated pattern; weak coarse prismatic parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots throughout; 25 percent faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; common medium prominent black (10YR 2/1), moist, and common medium distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; strongly acid; brittle and compact in about 50 percent of the matrix; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Btx horizons range from 46 to 152 centimeters (18 to more than 60 inches)].

Btxg-- 137 to 180 centimeters (54 to 71 inches); 50 percent light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and 25 percent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) and 25 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sandy clay loam in a variegated pattern; weak coarse prismatic parts to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common faint clay films on vertical faces of peds; few fine prominent black (10YR 2/1), moist, and few fine distinct brown (10YR 4/3), moist, iron-manganese concretions with clear boundaries in matrix; very strongly acid; brittle and compact in about 45 percent of the matrix; gradual wavy boundary. [25 to 102 centimeters thick (10 to 40 inches)].

BCg1-- 180 to 193 centimeters (71 to 76 inches); light gray (10YR 7/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, and many medium and coarse prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, irregular shaped masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in matrix; very strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.

BCg2-- 193 to 229 centimeters (76 to 90 inches); light gray (10YR 7/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), moist, and many medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/8), moist, irregular shaped masses of oxidized iron with clear boundaries in matrix; strongly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Clarke County, Mississippi; about 0.8 kilometers (0.5 miles) west of Enterprise, located about 30 meters (100 feet) north of Highway 513 and 244 meters (800 feet) west of County road 366 in a loblolly pine plantation. About 244 meters (800 feet) east and 305 meters (1000 feet) north of the SW corner of Sec 23, T. 4 N., R. 14 E.; USGS Stonewall, Mississippi USGS quadrangle; Latitude 32 degrees 10 minutes 11.12 seconds North; Longitude 88 degrees 50 minutes 33.32 seconds West; WGS84; UTM 326266 meters east, 3560740 meters north, Zone 16.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Average clay content of the particle size class control section: 8 to 18 percent clay and 20 to 50 percent silt
Soil reaction: extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the profile, except in areas where the surface layer has been limed
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 8 to 51 centimeters (3 to 20 inches)
Thickness of the argillic horizon: 76 to 167 centimeters (30 to 66 inches)
Depth to fragic soil properties: 30 to 51 centimeters (12 to 20 inches)

A or Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 3 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Texture: fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, sandy loam, silt loam, or loam
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid, except in areas where the surface layer has been limed

E, E/B, or B/E horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Some pedons have no dominant color and are multicolored in shades of brown or gray
Texture: very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam
Redoximorphic features: in shades of yellow, brown and gray range from few to common
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid

Bt horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Some pedons have no dominant color and are multicolored in shades of brown, yellow, gray or red.
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam or loam
Redoximorphic features: in shades of brown, yellow and gray range from few to many. None to many iron and manganese concretions
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid

Btx horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: fine sandy loam, loam, sandy loam, or sandy clay loam
Redoximorphic features: in shades of yellow, brown, gray and red range from common to many
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
The areas in shades of brown, which is about 40 to 55 percent of the volume, is brittle and compact and restricts root penetration.

Btxg horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam
Redoximorphic features: in shades of yellow, brown, gray and red range from common to many
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid
The areas in shades of brown, which is commonly about 40 to 45 percent of the volume, is brittle and compact and restricts root penetration.

BC horizon (where present):
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 2 to 8
Texture: sandy clay loam, but ranges from sandy loam to clay loam
Redoximorphic features: in shades of red, yellow, gray and brown that range from few to many
Some pedons have no dominant color and are multicolored in shades of red, brown, and gray
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid

BCg horizon (where present):
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: sandy loam, loam, sandy clay loam, or clay loam
Redoximorphic features: masses of oxidized iron in shades of brown, yellow and red range from common to many
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid

Cg horizon (where present):
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 5 to 7
Chroma: 1or 2
Texture: sandy loam but ranges from loamy sand to clay loam
Redoximorphic features: masses of oxidized iron in shades of brown, yellow and red
Reaction: very strongly acid or strongly acid

COMPETING SERIES:
The Basin series is the only series in the same family and have more than 5 percent, by volume, plinthite in the lower part of the subsoil.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: Coarse-loamy fluviomarine deposits derived from sedimentary rock
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform(s): Stream terrace, fluviomarine terrace, and interfluve
Hillslopes profile position: Summit
Geomorphic component: Tread and riser
Slope: 0 to 5 percent
Elevation: 2 to 140 meters (7 to 460 feet)
Mean annual air temperature: 17 to 19 degrees C (63 to 66 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation: 1346 to 1740 millimeters (53 to 64 inches)
Frost-free period: 215 to 280 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Cahaba soils - well-drained soils are on lower stream terraces that are subject to rare flooding, have redder subsoils and have fine-loamy particle-class control section
McLaurin soils - well-drained soils are on higher positions and have redder subsoils
Quitman soils - somewhat poorly drained soils on similar positions but have fine-loamy particle-size control section
Savannah soils - moderately well drained soils on similar to higher positions with a frapigan on the subsoil

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class: Somewhat poorly drained
Saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat): Moderately low to moderately high
Surface runoff: Low
Depth to seasonal high water table: 30 to 46 centimeters (1 to 1.5 feet), below the surface during wet season late in winter and early in spring.
Flooding frequency and duration: None. Some areas on low terraces are occasionally flooded for very brief duration during the winter and early spring.
Ponding frequency and duration: None

USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Forest, crop and pasture. Some areas have been cleared and drained and used for bahiagrass, bermudagrass, cotton, corn, small grains, tall fescue, wheat, and truck crops. The forested areas are chiefly in mixed hardwoods and some pines.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Major Land Resource Areas (MLRA): Southern Coastal Plain (133A), Western Coastal Plain (133B), and Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (152A).
Extent: Large extent

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Auburn, Alabama.

SERIES ESTABLISHED:
Lower East Saline SCD, Drew County, Arkansas; 1939.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section: the zone from 36 to 87 centimeters (14 to 34 inches) (Bt and Btx horizons)
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 36 centimeters (0 to14 inches) (Ap and B/E horizons)
Argillic horizon - the zone from 36 to 180 centimeters (14 to 71 inches) (Bt, Btx, and Btxg horizons)
Fragic soil properties - the zone from 36 to 180 centimeters (14 to 71 inches) compaction and brittleness is 55 percent or less. (Bt, Btx, and Btxg horizons)
Masses of oxidized iron - the zone from 36 to 229 centimeters (14 to 90 inches) (Bt, Btx, Btxg, BCg1, and BCg2 horizons)
Iron depletions - the zone from 20 to 229 centimeters (8 to 90 inches) (B/E, Bt, Btx, Btxg, BCg1, and BCg2 horizons)
Iron manganese concretions - the zone from 0 to 180 centimeters (0 to 71 inches) (Ap, B/E, Bt, Btx, and Btxg horizons)
Depth to seasonal high water table: 30 to 46 centimeters (1 to 1.5 feet), below the surface during wet season late in winter and early in spring

Stough soils were formerly classified as somewhat poorly drained Planosols with fragipans.
Soil classified according to the 12th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data for the Official Soil Series Description (OSD) is available on the National Soil Survey website at: http://ncsslabdatamart.sc.egov.usda.gov/querypage.aspx

OSD User Site ID: S2013023001
OSD User Pedon ID: S2013023001

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.