LOCATION TOANO                   NV

Established Series
Rev. DWW-GJS-JVC-JBF
12/2019

TOANO SERIES

The Toano series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from sedimentary rocks, loess, and volcanic ash. Toano soils are on alluvial flats, fan skirts, inset fans, lagoons, and stream terraces. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 180 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 8 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Typic Torriorthents

TYPICAL PEDON: Toano silt loam--rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.)

A1--0 to 8 cm; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; moderate thick platy structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine, few medium roots; many very fine and fine interstitial, common very fine vesicular pores; 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 10 cm thick)

A2--8 to 13 cm; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; common very fine and fine, few medium roots; many very fine interstitial, common very fine and fine tubular pores; 2 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 15 cm thick)

Bk--13 to 53 cm; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and fine, common medium roots; many very fine interstitial, common very fine and fine tubular pores; 2 percent gravel; secondary carbonates segregated as few coats on bottoms of rock fragments; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.6); clear wavy boundary. (15 to 50 cm thick)

C1--53 to 79 cm; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; slightly hard, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 9.0); clear wavy boundary. (18 to 70 cm thick)

C2--79 to 99 cm; light gray (10YR 7/2) silt loam, brown (10YR 5/3) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many very fine and few fine roots; many very fine interstitial pores; 3 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 60 cm thick)

C3--99 to 152 cm; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) very fine sandy loam, grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) moist; massive; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few very fine roots; many very fine interstitial, few very fine and fine tubular pores; 3 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.2).

TYPE LOCATION: Elko County, Nevada; about 9 miles northeast of Montello in Tecoma Valley and 0.25 mile west of the Utah-Nevada line; about 4,500 feet east and 2,000 feet north of the southwest corner of section 21, T. 40 N., R. 70 E.; USGS Tecoma 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; latitude 41 degrees 20 minutes 01 seconds N and longitude 114 degrees 02 minutes 40 seconds W; WGS84 Decimal Degrees 41.3336111 latitude, -114.04444441 longitude.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture: Usually dry; moist for short periods in winter and spring, dry late May through November; typic aridic soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 12 to 15 degrees C.
Depth to horizon with identifiable secondary carbonates: 8 to 23 cm.
Reaction: Moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline.

Particle-size control section - Clay content: 8 to 15 percent.
Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent gravel in any subhorizon.

A horizons
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y.
Value: 6 or 7 dry, 4 or 5 moist.
Chroma: 2 or 3, dry or moist.
Effervescence: Strongly effervescent or violently effervescent.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 10 to 20 percent.

Bk horizon
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y.
Value: 6 or 7 dry, 4 through 6 moist.
Chroma: 2 through 4, dry or moist.
Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam.
Structure: Fine to coarse subangular blocky.
Consistence: Soft or slightly hard dry.
Salinity (EC): 0 to 16 mmhos/cm.
Sodicity (SAR): 0 to 5.
Identifiable secondary carbonates: Occurs as masses on the bottom of rock fragments in amounts less than 5 percent by volume.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent.

C horizons
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y.
Value: 6 through 8 dry, 4 through 6 moist.
Chroma: 2 or 3, dry or moist.
Texture: Silt loam or very fine sandy loam.
Structure: Massive or platy.
Consistence: Soft or slightly hard dry, nonsticky or slightly sticky and nonplastic or slightly plastic wet.
Salinity (EC): 4 to 16 mmhos/cm.
Sodicity (SAR): 1 to 12.
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 30 percent.
Other features: Some pedons have stratified extremely gravelly sandy loam to extremely gravelly sand below 100 cm; some pedons have relict redoximorphic features in the lower C horizons.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Garbutt, Penoyer, Smaug, and Yipor series.

Garbutt soils do not have horizons with secondary carbonates, have 3 to 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent, and have subhorizons within 100 cm that have 20 to 50 percent volcanic glass. Penoyer soils do not have horizons with secondary carbonates, average less than 15 percent calcium carbonate equivalent, and are intermittently moist in some part for 10 to 20 days cumulative in summer months. Smaug soils do not have horizons with secondary carbonates and formed in lacustrine deposits with platy structure. Yipor soils have mean annual soil temperature of 8 to 11 degrees C and average less than 10 percent calcium carbonate equivalent.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toano soils are on alluvial flats, fan skirts, inset fans, lagoons, and stream terraces. These soils formed in alluvium derived from sedimentary rocks, loess, and volcanic ash. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. Elevations range from 1,345 to 1,985 meters. The climate is semiarid with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. The mean annual precipitation is 130 to 200 mm, mean annual temperature is 9 to 13 degrees C, and the frost-free period is 100 to 130 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ixian, Ocala, Sondoa, and Tulase soils.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained; low or medium surface runoff; moderately high saturated hydraulic conductivity. These soils are usually not susceptible to flooding. Some phases are susceptible to occasional flooding for very brief periods between February and May or rare flooding for very brief periods year-round.

USE AND VEGETATION: Toano soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly sickle saltbush, bud sagebrush, and mustard. Areas that are subject to thin sheet flooding have mainly winterfat, Indian ricegrass, and bottlebrush squirreltail.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern and central Nevada. These soils are moderately extensive. The series concept and main acreage occurs in MLRA 28A. Other acres of this series are mapped in MLRAs 25, 28A and 28B.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Elko County (Northeast Part), Nevada, 1986.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - The zone from the soil surface to 18 cm (A1, A2 and part of the Bk horizons).
Identifiable secondary carbonates - The zone from 13 to 53 cm (Bk horizon).
Particle size control section - The zone from 25 to 100 cm (C1, C2 and parts of the Bk and C3 horizons).

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.