LOCATION TOOPITS NV

Established Series
Rev. PWB-CWL-TM-JBF
12/2019

TOOPITS SERIES

The Toopits series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine deposits derived from mixed rocks. Toopits soils are on lake plains. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 230 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 11 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, calcareous, mesic Xeric Torriorthents

TYPICAL PEDON: Toopits fine sandy loam--rangeland. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise noted.)

A1--0 to 5 cm; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak thin platy structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and medium roots; common fine interstitial and few fine tubular pores; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4); clear smooth boundary. (3 to 10 cm thick)

A2--5 to 18 cm; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) moist; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; soft, very friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; many fine and medium, common coarse roots; common fine and medium tubular pores; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); clear smooth boundary. (10 to 23 cm thick)

2C1--18 to 33 cm; light gray (10YR 7/1) silty clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine, medium and coarse roots; many fine and medium tubular pores; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 9.0); clear wavy boundary.

2C2--33 to 71 cm; pale yellow (5Y 8/2) silty clay loam, light olive gray (5Y 6/2) moist; moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common fine and medium tubular pores; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 9.0); gradual wavy boundary.

2C3--71 to 104 cm; pale yellow (5Y 8/2) silty clay loam, light olive gray (5Y 6/2) moist; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, very sticky and moderately plastic; few very fine tubular pores; violently effervescent; strongly alkaline (pH 8.8); gradual wavy boundary.

2C4--104 to 152 cm; light gray (2.5Y 7/2) silty clay loam, light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist; weak medium columnar parting to moderate medium angular blocky structure; hard, firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; few fine tubular pores; common fine distinct brown (7.5YR 4/3) relict iron redox concentrations; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline (pH 8.4). (Combined thickness of the 2C horizons is 122 to 135 cm)

TYPE LOCATION: White Pine, County, Nevada; about 1.5 miles southwest of Shoshone Ponds; about 1,700 feet west and 500 feet north of the southeast corner of section 4 T. 12 N.; R. 67 E.; USGS Baking Powder Flat 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle; latitude 38 degrees 55 minutes 36 seconds N and longitude 114 degrees 27 minutes 06 seconds W; WGS84 Decimal Degrees 38.9266120 latitude, -114.4525144 longitude.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture: Usually moist in winter and spring, and for 10 to 20 days cumulative between July and October due to convection storms: aridic bordering on xeric soil moisture regime.
Mean annual soil temperature: 8 to 11 degrees C.
Depth to lithologic discontinuity (2C horizons): 18 to 30 cm.

Particle-size control section - Clay content: 27 to 35 percent.

A horizon
Reaction: moderately alkaline or strongly alkaline
Texture: Fine sandy loam, sandy loam.

C horizons
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y or 5Y
Value: 7 or 8 dry, 5 or 6 moist.
Chroma: 1 or 2, dry or moist.
Texture: Averages silty clay loam; includes subhorizons of silt loam or silty clay in some pedons.
Clay content: 27 to 35 percent.
Redoximorphic features: Few to common relic redoximorphic concentrations are in most pedons.
Carbonates: Calcium carbonate equivalent ranges from 5 to 15 percent.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Ashdown and Braffits series.

Ashdown soils have 18 to 27 percent clay in the particle size control section. Braffits soils are moderately alkaline throughout.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Toopits soils are on lake plains. They formed in lacustrine deposits derived from mixed rocks. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Elevations range from 1,710 to 1,800 meters. The climate is semi-arid with cool, moist winters and warm, dry summers. The mean annual precipitation is 200 to 250 mm, mean annual temperature is 7 to 10 degrees C, and the frost-free period is 100 to 120 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Ewelac and Katelana soils. Ewelac soils are fine-smectitic and Katelana soils are fine-silty.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained; low to high runoff; moderately low saturated hydraulic conductivity. Increased soil moisture in these soils is a result of low runoff and rapid infiltration of the precipitation received from summer convection storms.

USE AND VEGETATION: Toopits soils are used for rangeland, and wildlife habitat. The native vegetation is mainly Wyoming big sagebrush, basin big sagebrush, black greasewood and basin wildrye.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Nevada, in Spring Valley. These soils are not extensive. MLRA 28A.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California.

SERIES ESTABLISHED: White Pine County, Nevada, East Part, 2004.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - The zone from the soil surface to 18 cm (A1 and A2 horizons).
Particle-size control section - The zone from 25 to 100 cm (the 2C1, 2C2 horizons and part of the 2C3 horizon).

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.