LOCATION WABEDO MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Dystric Eutrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Wabedo sandy loam with a slightly convex slope of 3 percent on a ground moraine in a mixed deciduous forest. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 5 inches; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam; gray (10YR 5/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (2 to 6 inches thick)
Bw1--5 to 8 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw2--8 to 15 inches; dark brown (10YR 4/3) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 2 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bw3--15 to 27 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and dark brown (10YR 4/3) sandy loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Fe depletions few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6), and few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 3 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizons is 15 to 34 inches.)
BC--27 to 47 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 4/4) sandy loam; strong thick platy structure parting to moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; moderately brittle (moist); common fine prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Fe depletions and common fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 8 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 30 inches thick)
Cd--47 to 60 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) sandy loam; massive moderately thick platy soil fragments; very firm; brittle (moist); common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Fe depletions and common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; about 10 percent gravel; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Cass County, Minnesota; about 12 miles southeast of Longville; 500 feet south and 1,000 feet west of the northeast corner, sec. 13, T. 139 N., R. 28 W.; USGS Quadrangle Stewart Lake, Minn.; Latitude 46 degrees 51 minutes 38 seconds N., and Longitude 94 degrees 9 minutes 28 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to dense till (paralithic contact) ranges from 40 to 50 inches and the depth to free carbonates is 10 feet or more. The solum and C horizon typically contain 2 to 25 percent rock fragments, by volume, of mixed lithology, but mostly of igneous origin. The particle size control section commonly has 6 to 18 percent clay and 45 to 65 percent fine sand or coarser material. The soil moisture control section is dry for 20 to 35 consecutive days at some time in most years for the 120 days following the summer solstice.
The A horizon has a hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap horizon where present has hue of 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 1 to 3 dry. The A horizon is sandy loam and less commonly fine sandy loam or cobbly sandy loam. It is very strongly acid to moderately acid.
Some pedons have a E horizon that has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 or 3. It is typically sandy loam, but includes loamy sand and loamy fine sand. It has faint to prominent mottles. It is strongly acid or moderately acid. Some pedons have EB or BE horizons.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 or 4. It has distinct or prominent mottles. It is sandy loam or fine sandy loam. Loamy sand is included when it has more than 2 percent clay and 20 percent silt. It is very strongly acid to slightly acid. Bulk density ranges from 1.45 to 1.80 gm/cc.
The BC and Cd horizons have hue of 7.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 3 to 6. They have faint to prominent mottles with hues of 10YR to 5YR. It is sandy loam or loamy sand. Stone lines with up to 25 percent rock fragments are in some pedons. The BC horizon is restrictive to root penetration due to the platy soil structure, which is a property of this dense till, but is not as restrictive as the Cd horizon. They are strongly acid to neutral. Bulk density of the BC ranges from 1.75 to 1.90 gm/cc and bulk density of Cd ranges from 1.8 to 2.0 gm/cc. The Cd is considered to be a paralithic contact. It has bulk density of 1.8 to 2.0 gm/cc.
COMPETING SERIES: These are Buckland, Eelweir, and Kalurah series. Buckland soils have a Cd horizon (paralithic contact) within 40 inches from the surface. Eelweir and Kalurah soils do not have bulk densities above 1.8 gm/cc in the series control section. In addition, Buckland, Eelweir, and Kalurah soils have soil moisture control sections which are dry for less than 20 consecutive days in most years during the 120 days following the summer solstice.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils are on plane to slightly convex positions on the crests and sideslopes of drumlins or on moraines. Slope gradients range from 1 to 6 percent and slope lengths commonly are 200 to 500 feet. The soils formed in noncalcareous dense loamy glacial till. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 37 to 45 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 24 to 30 inches. Frost-free days range from 90 to 145. Elevation above sea level ranges from 800 to 1450 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Flak, Nokay, and Watab soils which form a drainage sequence with the Wabedo soils. The Flak soils are well drained and are on steeper or higher lying terrain. The poorly drained Nokay soils are on plane to slightly concave footslopes in ground moraines and drumlins. The Watab soils are poorly drained and have 20 to 40 inch sand cap over dense till.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Surface runoff is low and moderately low. Permeability is moderate in the upper part and very slow in the dense till. A perched water table is as high as 1.5 to 2.5 feet at some time from April to June in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-third of this soil is cropped to corn, oats, and hay. The remainder is forested or is used for pasture. Native vegetation was mixed deciduous forest or mixed deciduous coniferous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Minnesota - the soil is of moderate extent. Source of name is that of a lake in Cass County.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES PROPOSED: Cass County, Minnesota, December, 1986.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Cass County, Minnesota, 1992.
REMARKS: This soil was a part of the established Brainerd series which was reclassified in 1984 after an extensive dense till study. The firm material in the BC and Cd horizon do not qualify for a fragic horizon. It is inherent in the parent material. The Cd is considered a paralithic contact.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 5 inches (A horizon); Cambic horizon - the zone from 5 to 47 inches, (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3, and BC horizons) base saturation is greater than 60 percent below 27 inches; dystric subgroup-free carbonates are greater than 1 meter; aquic subgroup due to 2 chroma Fe depletions above 60cm but is not always exhibited in lower horizons due to the 7.5YR or 5YR hue in the dense till. The Cd is considered to be a paralithic contact.
ADDITIONAL DATA: See Minnesota Ag. Exp. Station Central File Code No. 3678 for laboratory data of a similar pedon. Soil Interpretation Record Number is MN0321.