LOCATION WAWINA MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Typic Dystrudepts
TYPICAL PEDON: Wawina loamy very fine sand on a 4 percent convex slope in a lacustrine plain under aspen and birch forest. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
Oi--0 to 1 inches; organic litter, mainly leaves and small stems. (0 to 2 inches thick)
E1--1 to 3 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loamy very fine sand, light gray (10YR 6/1) dry; weak very fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary.
E2--3 to 4 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loamy very fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak very fine granular structure; very friable; many fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the E horizon is 1 to 6 inches.)
Bw1--4 to 10 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) very fine sand; weak fine and moderately subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; medium acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 12 inches thick)
Bw2--10 to 32 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) very fine sand; weak coarse prismatic structure; very friable; few fine roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (10 to 25 inches thick)
Bw3--32 to 60 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) very fine sand; few medium and fine yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) iron and clay precipitate nodules; massive; very friable; a discontinuous yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loamy very fine sand lamellae 1/4 inch thick at 47 inch depth, slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Itasca County, Minnesota; 7 miles east and 4 miles south of Warba; 1,450 feet north and 75 feet west of the center of sec. 22, T. 53 N, R. 22 W.; USGS Quadrangle Wawina, Minn.; Latitude 47 degrees 3 minutes 59 seconds N., and Longitude 93 degrees 6 minutes 32 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates exceeds 60 inches in most pedons. The 10- to 40-inch particle-size control section averages 50 to 75 percent of very fine sand, 5 to 25 percent of silt, 2 to 10 percent of clay, and the total of silt plus clay not exceeding 30 percent. The soil moisture control section is dry for 20 to 35 consecutive days during the 120 days following the summer solstice.
The Oi or Oe horizon is comprised of conifer tree needles, deciduous tree leaves and remains of forest floor flora. It has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 2 to 4.
Some pedons have an A horizon having hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is 0 to 2 inches thick. Some pedons have an Ap horizon, but the dry color is greater than chroma of 5.
The E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It is loamy very fine sand or very fine sand. It is strongly acid to slightly acid.
The Bw horizon has hue of 10YR, 7.5YR, or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loamy very fine sand or very fine sand. It is strongly acid to slightly acid. The thin discontinuous lamellae and nodules have a slightly higher content of clay or silt than in the surrounding soil. Some pedons do not have nodules or lamellae.
When present, the C horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is very fine sand or loamy very fine sand. It is moderately acid to neutral.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bice, Conic, Dummerston, Elka, Franklinville, Haights, Lanesboro, Mesaba, Millsite, Mongaup, Toimi, and Vershire soils. Bice, Elka, Franklinville, Haights, Lanesboro, Millsite, Mongaup, and Vershire soils all are in higher precipitation areas which have a soil moisture control section that has less than 20 consecutive days dry for 120 days following the summer solstice. Conic and Mesaba soils have a lithic contact within 40 inches of the surface. Lode soils have rock fragments throughout the solum and C horizons, and have greater than 25 percent medium or coarse sand in the C horizon. Toimi soils have dense till (paralithic contact) within 60 inches or the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Wawina soils are on convex surfaces on lacustrine plains, river terraces and deltas. Slopes are 0 to 12 percent. They formed in sediments more than 40 inches thick that are predominantly very fine sand. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 36 to 40 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 24 to 28 inches. Frost-free days range from 88 to 120. Elevation above sea level ranges from 1200 to 1400 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are dominantly the competing Zimmerman soils and the Cowhorn and Sago series. The somewhat poorly drained Cowhorn are on lower landscape positions. The very poorly drained Sago soil is in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Runoff is moderate. Permeability is moderately rapid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of this soil are forested. A significant proportion has been cleared and is used for hay, pasture, and small grain.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Minnesota. This soil is inextensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Itasca County, Minnesota, 1982.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this soil are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the mineral surface to 3 inches (E1 and E2 horizons); cambic horizon - the zone from 3 to 60 inches (Bw1, Bw2 and Bw3 horizons). A part of this series was previously a portion of the Rabey (inactive) series.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to MN Agri. Exp. Sta. Central File Code No. 2228 for results of some laboratory analyses of the typical pedon. See CFC numbers 2227, 2812, 2813, and 3477 for additional laboratory data on representative pedons. Soil Interpretation Record number is MN0330.