LOCATION ANOKA MN+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Lamellic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Anoka very fine sand with a slightly convex slope of 2 percent on an outwash plain at an elevation of 930 feet in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 10 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very fine sand, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; massive; loose; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 12 inches thick)
E1--10 to 26 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very fine sand; few masses of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2); single grain; loose; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (4 to 16 inches thick)
E2--26 to 36 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very fine sand; few masses of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2); single grain; loose; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 20 inches thick)
Bt--36 to 43 inches; brown (10YR 4/3) loamy very fine sand; few masses of yellowish brown (10YR 5/4); few masses of light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) uncoated sand grains; massive; hard, friable; common clay bridges between sand grains; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (4 to 14 inches thick)
(E&Bt)1--43 to 56 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2), brown (10YR 5/3), and yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very fine sand; single grained (E); brown (10YR 4/3) to yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam lamellae 1 to 4 inches thick (Bt); massive; friable; common clay bridges between sand grains; moderately acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (12 to 30 inches thick)
(E&Bt)2--56 to 70 inches; brown (10YR 5/3) very fine sand (E); single grain; loose; a few 1/8- to 1/4- inch dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loamy very fine sand lamellae (Bt); slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Isanti County, Minnesota; about 1 mile west of Isanti Village; 2,060 feet west and 550 feet north of the center of sec. 30, T. 35 N., R. 23 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates is 60 inches or more. Typically the profiles do not have rock fragments, but the lower horizons may have as much as 5 percent in some pedons. These fragments are less than 5 mm in diameter. Base saturation by sum of cations is 50 to 60 percent in the part of the Bt horizon with the lowest base saturation. The reaction ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid in the upper part to slightly acid or neutral in the lower part.
The Ap horizon has value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 1 or 2. Some pedons have an A horizon 1 to 4 inches thick with hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The E horizon and E part of the E&Bt horizon have value 4 to 6 and chroma 2 to 4. These horizons have high chroma mottles adjacent to the Bt horizon in some pedons. The A and E horizons are fine sand, very fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy very fine sand.
The Bt horizon and Bt part of the E&Bt horizon have hue of 10YR to 5YR and value and chroma of 3 to 5. The combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 6 to 24 inches. It typically is loamy very fine sand, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam and less commonly loam or sandy clay loam in subhorizons of some pedons. The Bt has B/A clay ratios that range from 1.5 to 6.0 and are commonly near the higher part of the range. It has 6 to 18 percent clay and 15 to 40 percent fine sand and coarser. It has few to many clay bridges between sand grains or few to many, faint or distinct clay films. It has individual Bt subhorizons that coalesce in some pedons.
The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR and is fine sand or very fine sand.
COMPETING SERIES: The Arland, Chetek, Hodenpyl, and Montcalm series. The Arland soils have a paralithic contact of sandstone bedrock between depths of 20 to 40 inches. Chetek soils have 2C horizons of sand and gravel beginning at depths ranging from 12 to 24 inches and do not have E&Bt horizons. Hodenpyl soils have dominantly medium sands throughout the control section. Montcalm soils typically have sandy loam and sandy clay loam Bt horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: These soils have plane or slightly convex slopes with gradients of 0 to 18 percent and are on glacial outwash plains, stream terraces and lake plains. They formed in sandy and coarse-loamy glacial outwash or lacustrine sediments of Late Wisconsin Age. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 42 to 45 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 24 to 30 inches.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Zimmerman, Lino, Soderville, and Isanti soils are the main ones. The excessively drained Zimmerman soils are sandy and are on more undulating landscapes. The somewhat poorly drained Lino and Soderville soils are on less sloping, lower lying areas and have water tables at higher depths. The very poorly drained Isanti soils are in depressions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. Permeability is moderately rapid to rapid. Surface runoff is very low to low.
USE AND VEGETATION: The majority of this soil is cropped to corn, soybeans, and alfalfa. Significant areas are in forest or wooded pasture. Native vegetation was deciduous forest with oaks being the major species and aspen being a common secondary species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central Minnesota. Moderately extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Isanti County, Minnesota, 1956.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 36 inches (Ap, E1, and E2 horizons); argillic horizon - the zone from 36 to 70 inches (Bt horizon and the Bt part of the E&Bt horizons).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to S61-Minn-30-1 for some physical and chemical properties of the typical pedon.