LOCATION DURAND IL+WI

Established Series
Rev. LA-BWR-AAC
01/2011

DURAND SERIES

The Durand series consists of very deep, well drained soils on undulating to hilly till plains and moraines. These soils formed in a thin mantle of loess and the underlying loamy till with reddish paleosol horizons. Slope ranges from 1 to 20 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 890 mm (35 inches), and the mean annual temperature is about 8.3 degrees C (47 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiudolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Durand silt loam on a north northwest-facing, convex, 5 percent slope in an alfalfa field at an elevation of 283 meters (930 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 inches); very dark brown (10YR 2/2) silt loam; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) and grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; many fine and medium roots; layer compacted because of tillage practices; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to l2 inches) thick]

AB--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); 70 percent dark brown (10YR 3/3) and 30 percent very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam; dark brown (10YR 3/3) crushed; brown (10YR 5/3) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 inches) thick]

Bt1--33 to 53 cm (13 to 21 inches); 90 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and 10 percent brown (10YR 4/3) silty clay loam; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) crushed; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many fine and medium roots; common faint dark brown (10YR 3/3) organo-clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. [13 to 25 cm (5 to l0 inches) thick]

2Bt2--53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt3--66 to 89 cm (26 to 35 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt4--89 to 119 cm (35 to 47 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent rounded gravel; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.

2Bt5--119 to 168 cm (47 to 66 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium and coarse subangular and angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots; common faint reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; occasional streaks of reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay residuum weathered from dolomitic limestone; 5 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 76 to 137 cm (30 to 54 inches).]

2BC--168 to 196 cm (66 to 77 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; 7 percent rounded gravel; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. [0 to 30 cm (0 to l2 inches) thick]

2C--196 to 218 cm (77 to 86 inches); variegated yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) and light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sandy loam; massive; friable; l0 percent rounded gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Stephenson County, Illinois; about 1 mile northeast of Dakota; 600 feet south and 405 feet east of the northwest corner of section 30, T. 28 N., R. 9 E.; USGS Dakota topographic quadrangle; 42 degrees, 24 minutes, 08 seconds N., and long. 89 degrees, 30 minutes, 51 seconds W; NAD 27.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 122 to 229 cm (48 to 90 inches), thickness depends upon the degree of truncation of the paleosol before deposition of loess. Where sola are more than 152 cm (5 feet) thick, the content of the clay decreases more than 20 percent and the chroma is 4 or less within 152 cm (60 inches).
Average content of clay in the particle-size control section: between 27 to 35 percent
Average content fine sand or coarser in the particle-size control section: between 15 to 35 percent
Depth to carbonates: greater than 122 cm (48 inches)

A or Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 2 or 3
Chroma: 1 or 2
Texture: silt loam except severely eroded pedons are commonly silty clay loam
Reaction: slightly acid to strongly acid where not limed

AB horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3
Chroma: 2 or 3
Texture: silt loam

Other features:
Some pedons have a BA horizon rather than an AB horizon. In other pedons the Ap horizon directly overlies the top of the argillic horizon.

Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: silt loam or silty clay loam
Average sand content: less than 10 percent
Structure: subangular blocky structure
Reaction: from slightly acid to strongly acid

2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5YR, at least one subhorizon has hue redder than 7.5YR on the faces of peds or in the matrix
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: commonly clay loam, but includes sandy clay loam, loam, or sandy loam and the gravelly analogues of these textures.
Structure: commonly subangular or angular blocky, but is prismatic in the lower part of some pedons
Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent
Reaction: moderately acid or strongly acid in the most acidic part, and commonly grades to slightly acid in the lower part.

2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 7.5YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: gravelly sandy loam, sandy loam or loam
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Atkinson, Burchard, Cokato, Cresco, Cresent, Friesland, Griswold, Hitt, Jasper, Joslin, Keosauqua, Kishwaukee, Marbletown, Moigona, Morrill, Nuxmaruhanixete, Parmod, Penfield, Reedslake, Ringwood, Rockton, Schoolcraft, Shelby, Sibleyville, Velma, and Winnebago series. All of these soils except Atkinson, Hitt, Joslin, Marbletown, Morrill, Rockton, Sibleyville, and Winnebago Atkinson soils average more than 40 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Burchard, Cokato, Cresco, Cresent, Friesland, Griswold, Jasper, Keosauqua, Kishwaukee, Moigona, Nuxmaruhanixete Parmod, Penfield, Reedslake, Ringwood, Schoolcraft, Shelby and Velma soils do not have hue as red as 5YR in the argillic horizon. Hitt, Marbletown, Rockton, and Sibleyville soils have a lithic or paralithic contact within a depth of 152 cm (60 inches). Joslin soils average less than 27 percent clay in the particle size control section. Morrill, and Winnebago soils average more than 10 percent sand in the upper part of the argillic horizon.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Durand soils are on undulating to hilly till plains and moraines. Slope gradients range from 1 to 20 percent. The upper part of the solum formed in 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 inches) of loess or silty material and the lower part in reddish paleosols in loamy till. In some places the solum is underlain by calcareous till and in other places it rests directly on limestone bedrock at depths of 152 cm (5 feet) or greater. The mean annual temperature is 7.2 to 10 degrees C (45 to 50 degrees F), mean annual precipitation is 838 to 965 mm (33 and 38 inches), and frost free period is 140 to 160 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Argyle, Griswold, Ogle, Pecatonica and Tama soils. The Argyle and Pecatonica soils are on similar landforms as Durand soils near drainageways. Pecatonica soils do not have mollic epipedons. Griswold, Ogle, and Tama soils are on nearby landscapes. Tama soils generally are upslope and formed entirely in loess.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is low or medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers per second). Permeability is moderate.

USE AND VEGETATION: Durand soils are used for growing cultivated crops and pasture. Major crops are corn, soybeans, small grain and meadow. Native vegetation is prairie grass.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: northwestern and north central Illinois and south central Wisconsin. LRRs K and M, MLRAs 95B, 105, and 108B. The series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Carroll County, Illinois, 1967.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon -- from a depth of 0 to 33 cm (0 to 13 inches) (Ap and AB horizons)
Argillic horizon -- from a depth of 33 to 168 cm (13 to 66 inches) (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Bt4, and 2Bt5 horizons)

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.