LOCATION KANONA NY+PA

Established Series
Rev. LMF-LWK-PSP
04/2013

KANONA SERIES

The Kanona series consists of deep and very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils on uplands. The soils formed in till derived from soft shale, and some siltstone. They are on broad hilltops, hillsides and till plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high in the mineral surface and subsurface and moderately high to low in the subsoil and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual temperature is 47 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 37 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, nonacid, mesic Aeric Endoaquepts

TYPICAL PEDON: Kanona silty clay loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil.)

Ap -- 0 to 8 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay loam; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 10 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 9 inches thick.)

E -- 8 to 12 inches; dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common roots; 5 percent rock fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick.)

Bw -- 12 to 30 inches; strong brown (7.5YR 5/8) channery silty clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few roots; few fine pores; gray (5Y 5/1) coatings on all faces of peds; thin patchy clay films on vertical faces of peds and on surfaces along some pores; 20 percent rock fragments, mainly shale fragments; few fine distinct reddish yellow (5YR 6/6) masses of iron accumulation and few fine prominent gray (5Y 5/1) areas of iron depletions within the matrix; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (12 to 28 inches thick.)

C -- 30 to 72 inches; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) channery silty clay; weak thick plate like divisions; few fine pores; 20 percent rock fragments, mainly shale fragments; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; moderately acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Steuben County, New York; Town of Canisteo, one mile east of Colonial Bills Creek on McChesney Road. USGS Cameron, NY topographic quadrangle; Latitude 42 degrees, 14 minutes, 27 seconds N. and Longitude 77 degrees, 27 minutes, 35 seconds W., NAD 1927, Elevation 1,700 feet.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 41 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 40 inches. Reaction commonly ranges from strongly acid through slightly acid in the control section but the range includes very strongly acid in some pedons. Rock fragments, mainly shale fragments range from 5 to 35 percent in the textural control section and up to 50 percent below 40 inches.

Undisturbed soils have A horizons with hues of 10YR or 2.5Y, values of 2 or 3, and chromas of 1 or 2. The Ap horizons have hues of 10YR or 2.5Y, values of 3, or 4 and chromas of 1 or 2. Textures are silt loam, loam, or silty clay loam. Structure is weak or moderate, fine to coarse granular or fine subangular blocky. Consistence is friable or firm.

The E horizon has hue of 10YR through 5Y or is neutral, values of 4 through 6, and chromas of 0 through 2. Texture is silt loam or silty clay loam in the fine earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate, fine or medium subangular blocky or thin or medium platy. Consistence is friable or firm.

Some pedons may have a BA horizon with colors and textures and structures similar to the A and B horizons.

The Bw horizons have hues of 7.5YR through 5Y, values of 4 through 6, and chromas 2 through 8 with few to many, distinct or prominent redoximorphic features. Texture is heavy silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam or clay in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is moderate or strong, fine to coarse blocky, or blocky within moderate or strong, medium or coarse prisms. Consistence is firm or very firm.

Some pedons may have a BC or CB horizon, with hues of 7.5 YR through 5Y, values of 3 through 6, and chroma of 2 through 8. Texture ranges are clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is moderate or strong, medium or coarse blocky, or blocky within moderate or strong, medium or coarse prisms. Consistence is firm or very firm.

The C horizons have hues of 10YR through 5Y, values of 3 through 6, and chromas of 1 through 4. Textures range are clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay in the fine-earth fraction. Structure is weak or moderate, medium or thick plate like divisions, or it is massive. Consistence is firm or very firm.

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.

The Allis, Fremont, Hornell, Rhinebeck, and Remsen series are in related families. Allis and Hornell soils have shale bedrock at depths of less than 40 inches. Fremont soils have fine-loamy textural control sections. Rhinebeck and Remsen soils have argillic horizons.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kanona soils occupy the tops and sides of glaciated hills and till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. The soils developed in fine textured till with a high component of shale. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 45 degrees to 52 degrees F.; mean annual precipitation, from 35 to 45 inches; mean frost-free period, from 120 to 160 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Allis and Hornell soils are associates where the till mantle is thinner than in Kanona. Erie, Fremont, Langford, Mardin, and Volusia soils are developed in deep, coarser textured till on similar landforms.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is medium to very high. An apparent seasonal high water table is from 0.5 to 1.5 feet from November to May of normal years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to high in the mineral surface and subsurface and moderately high to low in the subsoil and substratum.

USE AND VEGETATION: Very little of the soils is used for row crops or small grains. Small areas are used for hay and pasture. Most of the acreage of this soil has remained in, or is idle and reverting to, woodland. Native woody vegetation is red and sugar maple, white ash, black cherry, red oak, and white pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western and central New York and Northern Pennsylvania, and possibly Eastern Ohio. MLRA's 101 and 140. The soil is moderately extensive.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Steuben County, New York, 1972.

REMARKS: This soil has been considered a "deep Allis". It differs from Allis and the similar Hornell soils in being deep to bedrock and in a nonacid family. The classification is provisional to an acid family.

Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in the typical pedon are:
(1) Ochric Epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 8 inches (Ap horizon).
(2) Cambic horizon - the zone from 12 to 30 inches (Bw horizons).
(3) Aquepts suborder - aquic moisture regime, and evidence of wetness that includes 2 chroma on all ped faces and redox features in the zone from 12 to 30 inches (Bw horizon).

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.