LOCATION VOLINIA IN

Established Series
Rev. RAB-FF-DAG
11/2021

VOLINIA SERIES

The Volinia series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy outwash and the underlying sandy and gravelly outwash on outwash plains. They are deep or very deep to stratified, calcareous sandy and gravelly material. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Argiudolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Volinia loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 820 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 cm (9 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) loam, dark brown (10YR 3/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate fine granular; friable; many very fine and fine roots between peds; many very fine and fine tubular pores; 2 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches) thick]

2Bt1--23 to 33 cm (9 to 13 inches); dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; many very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 15 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

2Bt2--33 to 58 cm (13 to 23 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) gravelly sandy clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/3) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 27 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the 2Bt horizon is 25 to 51 cm (10 to 20 inches).]

3Bt3--58 to 84 cm (23 to 33 inches); dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly loamy coarse sand; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; 23 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary.

3Bt4--84 to 114 cm (33 to 45 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine and fine roots between peds; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 6 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary.

3Bt5--114 to 147 cm (45 to 58 inches); brown (7.5YR 4/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores; few faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay bridging between sand grains; 4 percent gravel; neutral; clear irregular boundary. [Combined thickness of the 3Bt horizon is 13 to 102 cm (5 to 40 inches).]

3C--147 to 203 cm (58 to 80 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) stratified gravelly sand and gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; 23 percent gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 1 mile southeast of Goshen; 80 feet north and 758 feet west of the southeast corner of sec. 26, T. 36 N., R. 6 E.; USGS Goshen topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 32 minutes 18 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 47 minutes 31 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 600769 easting and 4599230 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 178 cm (40 to 70 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon: 51 to 71 cm (20 to 28 inches)

Ap or A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 2, 2.5, or 3
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

2Bt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: sandy clay loam or clay loam, or their gravelly analogues
Clay content: 18 to 30 percent
Rock fragment content: 5 to 30 percent
Reaction: strongly acid to neutral

3Bt or BCt horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 to 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, or sand, or their gravelly analogues
Rock fragment content: 2 to 30 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to slightly alkaline

3C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: stratified sand to very gravelly coarse sand
Rock fragment content: averages from 10 to 45 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 50 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in this family.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Volinia soils are on outwash plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Volinia soils formed in loamy outwash and the underlying sandy and gravelly outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1067 mm (32 to 42 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 10.0 to 11.1 degrees C (50 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Bainter, Brady, Desker, Fox, Gilford, and Oshtemo soils. The well drained Bainter, Fox, and Oshtemo soils and the somewhat excessively drained Desker soils do not have a mollic epipedon and are on similar landforms. The somewhat poorly drained Brady soils are on slightly lower lying landforms. The poorly drained or very poorly drained Gilford soils are in depressions.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and very high in the underlying material. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, rapid in the lower part, and very rapid in the underlying material.

USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mostly used to grow corn, soybeans, and small grain. Native vegetation is tall prairie grass.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 111C in northern Indiana. The series is of small extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: McHenry County, Illinois, 1960.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Mollic epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 58 cm (23 inches) (Ap, 2Bt1, 2Bt2 horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 23 to 147 cm (9 to 58 inches) (2Bt, 3Bt horizons).

NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124334 represents the typical pedon.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S93IN-039-10) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is on file for the typical pedon (T93IN-039-143:146) at the MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transects show 45 percent Volinia, 43 percent Nineveh, 5 percent Billet, 5 percent Troxel, and 2 percent Carmi soils.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.