LOCATION AMANA                   IA+MO

Established Series
Rev. JDH-SRS-TWN
01/2016

AMANA SERIES

The Amana series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 10 degrees C (50 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation is about 81 centimeters (32 inches).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Amana silt loam, on a nearly level flood plain, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of 216 meters (710 feet) above sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 23 centimeters (0 to 9 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silt loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; common fine roots; common fine tubular pores; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary.

A--23 to 38 centimeters (9 to 15 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silt loam, gray (10YR 5/1) dry; moderate fine and medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 25 to 51 centimeters (10 to 20 inches).]

Bg1--38 to 56 centimeters (15 to 22 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam; weak very fine and fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few distinct very dark gray (10YR 3/1) organic coatings on faces of peds; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; neutral; clear smooth boundary.

Bg2--56 to 76 centimeters (22 to 30 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silty clay loam; moderate fine and medium subangular blocky structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; common fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; slightly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bg3--76 to 94 centimeters (30 to 37 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silty clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings on faces of peds; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; common fine and medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; common fine faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bg4--94 to 122 centimeters (37 to 48 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to weak coarse subangular blocky; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings on surfaces along root channels and pores; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; many fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 51 to 152 centimeters (20 to 60 inches).]

BCg--122 to 142 centimeters (48 to 56 inches); grayish brown (10YR 5/2) silt loam; weak medium prismatic structure; friable; few fine roots; few fine tubular pores; few distinct dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) coatings on surfaces along root channels and pores; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; common fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; many fine and medium faint light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) redoximorphic depletions; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary. [0 to 30 centimeters (0 to 12 inches) thick]

Cg1--142 to 193 centimeters (56 to 76 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) silt loam; massive; friable; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; many fine and medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; moderately acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Cg2--193 to 203 centimeters (76 to 80 inches); light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) loam; massive; friable; few fine irregular masses of iron-manganese; many fine and medium prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) redoximorphic concentrations; moderately acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 108C-Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift, West Central Part, Keokuk County, Iowa subset; about 1 1/2 miles north and 1 1/2 miles west of Kinross, 1,370 feet west and 1,930 feet south of the northeast corner of section 16, T. 77 N., R. 10 W.; USGS South English quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 28 minutes 38 seconds N. and long. 92 degrees 0 minutes 30 seconds W., NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of mollic epipedon--25 to 61 centimeters (10 to 24 inches)
Depth to carbonates--greater than 152 centimeters (greater than 60 inches)
Content of clay in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--18 to 30 percent
Content of sand in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--less than 15 percent

Ap or A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--silty clay loam or silt loam
Clay content--18 to 30 percent
Sand content--less than 15 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral

Some pedons have an AB or BA horizon

Bg horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--2
Texture--silty clay loam or silt loam
Clay content--18 to 30 percent
Sand content--less than 15 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral

BCg or Cg horizon:
Hue--10YR, 2.5Y, or 5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--1 to 4
Texture--silt loam or loam
Clay content--18 to 27 percent
Sand content--10 to 40 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Breeds, Grantcenter, Joy, Joyce, Kingston, Klinger, Klingmore, Lakefield, Larpenteur, McCreath, Minden, Muscatine, Nerwoods, Okabena, Primghar, and Ransom series.
Breeds--have a paralithic contact in shale within depths of 102 to 152 centimeters (40 to 60 inches)
Grantcenter--have carbonates within depths of 61 to 152 centimeters (24 to 60 inches)
Joy--have a sand content of less than 10 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Joyce--have a sand content of more than 70 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Kingston--have carbonates within depths of 51 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches)
Klinger--have a sand content of 35 to 50 percent in the lower two thirds of the series control section
Klingmore--have a sand content of 35 to 50 percent in the lower third of the series control section
Lakefield--have carbonates within a depth of 25 centimeters (10 inches)
Larpenteur--have carbonates within a depth of 25 centimeters (10 inches)
McCreath--have a sand content of 30 to 45 percent in the lower third of the series control section and have carbonates within depths of 61 to 127 centimeters (24 to 50 inches)
Minden--have a sand content of less than 15 percent fine sand and sand coarser than fine sand in the lower third of the series control section
Muscatine--have a clay content of 30 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Nerwoods--have carbonates within depths of 102 to 203 centimeters (40 to 80 inches) and have a sand content of more than 15 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Okabena--have carbonates within depths of 51 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches)
Primghar--have carbonates within depths of 61 to 127 centimeters (24 to 50 inches) and have a clay content of 28 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section
Ransom--have carbonates within depths of 56 to 102 centimeters (22 to 40 inches)

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--alluvium
Landform--flood plains
Slopes--0 to 2 percent
Elevation--183 to 259 meters (600 to 850 feet) above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--9 to 11 degrees C (48 to 52 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation--76 to 86 centimeters (30 to 34 inches)
Frost-free period--155 to 180 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Chequest, Colo, Vesser, and Zook soils.
Chequest--are at lower elevations on floodplains, have argillic horizons, and have a saturated zone within a depth of 0.3 meters (1 foot) during March to June in normal years
Colo--are at lower elevations on floodplains, have a clay content of 27 to 35 percent in the particle-size control section, and have a saturated zone within a depth of 0.3 meters (1 foot) during March to June in normal years
Vesser--are on slightly higher elevations on footslopes and alluvial fans and have argillic horizons
Zook--are at lower elevations on floodplains, have a clay content of 35 to 45 percent in the particle-size control section, and have a saturated zone within a depth of 0.3 meters (1 foot) during March to June in normal years

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--saturation occurs within depths of 0.3 to 1.1 meters (1 to 3.5 feet) during March to June in normal years and is considered apparent
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--moderately high
Surface runoff potential--negligible or low
Flooding--occasional for brief to long periods during the months of February to November from precipitation events and snowmelt

USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hay. Some areas are forested or pastured. The native vegetation is deciduous trees, big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie for pasture or forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic section--Dissected till plains, Till plains
MLRAs--Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108), Iowa and Missouri Heavy Till Plain (109), and Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes(115)
LRR M; southern Iowa and northern Missouri
Extent--moderate

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Iowa County, Iowa, 1965.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (10 to 40 inches) (A, Bg1, Bg2, Bg3, and Bg4 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (0 to 59 inches) (Ap, A, Bg1, Bg2, Bg3, Bg4, BCg, and Cg1 horizons).

Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 38 centimeters (0 to 15 inches) (Ap and A horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 38 to 142 centimeters (15 to 56 inches) (Bg1, Bg2, Bg3, Bg4, and BCg horizons);
udic moisture regime.

Cation-exchange activity class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.

Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, ninth edition, 2003.

The site location was relocated in Keokuk County in 1994 because a highway improvement project destroyed the original site.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.