LOCATION BADRIVER WI+MN
Established Series
Rev. KCG-TAM-TWN
06/2011
BADRIVER SERIES
The Badriver series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained and poorly drained soils formed in clayey till. These soils are on flats and in depressions and drainageways on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 810 millimeters. Mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, frigid Aeric Glossaqualfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Badriver clay loam, on a linear, northeast-facing slope of 1 percent, in a forested area, at an elevation of about 243 meters above sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)
A--0 to 8 centimeters; dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) clay loam, brown (7.5YR 4/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine and medium, and common coarse roots; about 3 percent gravel; pH 5.4; abrupt smooth boundary.
E/B--8 to 25 centimeters; about 70 percent reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay loam (E), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; firm; extends as tongues into and surrounds remnants of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay (Bt); weak medium angular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium and few coarse roots; few faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) dry, coats of E material on faces of peds; few fine distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel; pH 5.2; gradual wavy boundary.
B/E--25 to 61 centimeters; about 70 percent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay (Bt); moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few faint reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; common pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) dry, coats of E material on faces of peds; penetrated by tongues of reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay loam (E), pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots between peds; common medium distinct yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; about 1 percent gravel; pH 5.4; gradual wavy boundary.
Btk1--61 to 79 centimeters; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium angular blocky structure; firm; few fine and medium roots between peds; common faint dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; few medium irregular faint light reddish brown (2.5YR 6/4) soft masses of calcium carbonate; few very fine and fine irregular prominent black (N2/0) soft masses of iron-manganese oxides; few medium distinct red (2.5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; very slightly effervescent (2 percent calcium carbonate); about 1 percent gravel; pH 7.9; gradual wavy boundary.
Btk2--79 to 135 centimeters; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay; moderate medium prismatic structure; firm; few fine and medium roots between peds; common faint dark reddish brown (2.5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; common pinkish gray (5YR 7/2) dry, coats of E material on faces of peds; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 5/4) coats of calcium carbonate on faces of some peds; common medium and coarse irregular distinct light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) soft masses of calcium carbonate and common fine irregular calcium carbonate nodules; many very fine and fine irregular prominent black (N 2/0) soft masses of iron-manganese oxides; violently effervescent (15 percent calcium carbonate); about 1 percent gravel; pH 8.1; gradual wavy boundary.
C--135 to 152 centimeters; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay loam; massive; firm; common medium and coarse irregular distinct light reddish brown (5YR 6/4) soft masses of calcium carbonate; common very fine and fine irregular prominent black (N 2/0) soft masses of iron-manganese oxides; strongly effervescent (12 percent calcium carbonate); about 1 percent gravel; pH 8.1.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 92-Superior Lake Plain, Ashland County, Wisconsin subset; about 2 1/2 miles north of Marengo; located about 50 feet south and 925 feet west of the northeast corner of section 23, T. 46 N., R. 4 W.; USGS Marengo, WI topographic quadrangle; lat. 46 degrees 27 minutes 26 seconds N. and long. 90 degrees 49 minutes 25 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates--50 to 100 centimeters
Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--35 to 60 percent
Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--less than 15 percent
A horizon:
Hue--5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--clay loam or loam
Clay content--20 to 40 percent
Sand content--20 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 4.5 to 7.3
Thickness--5 to 10 centimeters
Ap horizon (when present):
Hue--5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--2 or 3
Texture--clay loam or loam
Clay content--20 to 40 percent
Sand content--20 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 4.5 to 7.3
Thickness--13 to 25 centimeters
E horizon (when present) and the E part of the E/B or B/E horizons:
Hue--5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR
Value--5 or 6
Chroma--2 or 3 (colors of 4/3 or 5/3, moist have value of 7 or more, dry)
Texture--loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam
Clay content--25 to 55 percent
Sand content--10 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 4.5 to 6.0
Thickness of the E horizon--0 to 20 centimeters
Thickness of the E/B horizon--0 to 20 centimeters
Bt part of E/B or B/E horizons:
Hue--2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Clay content--30 to 50 percent
Sand content--0 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 4.5 to 6.0
Thickness of the B/E horizon--5 to 65 centimeters
Bt horizon (when present):
Hue--2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR
Value--3 or 4
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Clay content--30 to 60 percent
Sand content--0 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 4.5 to 7.8
Thickness--0 to 40 centimeters
Some pedons have mudflow lenses or discontinuous disoriented remnant varves in individual horizons
Btk horizon:
Hue--2.5YR or 5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Clay content--35 to 60 percent
Sand content--0 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 9.0
Thickness--25 to 90 centimeters
Some pedons have mudflow lenses or discontinuous disoriented remnant varves in individual horizons
BC horizon (when present):
Hue--2.5YR or 5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--4
Texture--clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay or clay
Clay content--35 to 55 percent
Sand content--0 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 9.0
Thickness--0 to 50 centimeters
Some pedons have mudflow lenses or discontinuous disoriented remnant varves in individual horizons
C horizon:
Hue--2.5YR or 5YR
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--4
Texture--clay loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or clay
Clay content--35 to 55 percent
Sand content--0 to 45 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 10 percent, gravel; 0 to 2 percent, cobbles
Reaction--pH 7.9 to 9.0
Some pedons have mudflow lenses or discontinuous disoriented remnant varves in individual horizons
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Altdorf,
Herbster, and McQuade series.
Altdorf--do not have carbonates within a depth of 200 centimeters
Herbster--have a clay content of less than 35 percent in the lower third of the series control section
McQuade--do not have carbonates within a depth of 125 centimeters
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--clayey till
Landform--flats and in depressions and drainageways on till plains
Slope--0 to 3 percent
Elevation--185 to 425 meters
Mean annual air temperature--4 to 6 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--685 to 940 millimeters
Frost-free period--125 to 190 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Allendale,
Odanah, and
Sanborg soils.
Allendale--are on landscape positions similar to those of Badriver soils and have a sand content that averages more than 70 percent in the upper half of the particle-size control section
Odanah--are on higher landscape positions and do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.8 meters during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Sanborg--are on slightly higher landscape positions and have a frequently saturated zone between depths of 0.3 and 1.0 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of 30 year mean of annual precipitation
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly and poorly drained--these soils are frequently saturated from the surface of the soil to a depth of 0.6 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of 30 year mean of annual precipitation, this saturation is considered perched Saturated hydraulic conductivity--0.10 to 10.00 micrometers per second
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are forested. Some areas are cultivated or pastured. The principal crops are oats, timothy, bromegrass, reed canarygrass, alfalfa, and trefoil. Many areas which were formerly cropland are now idle and reverting to natural vegetation. The native vegetation is mixed deciduous and coniferous forest. Common trees species are red maple, balsam fir, quaking aspen, paper birch, and willow. Common understory species are speckled alder, redosier dogwood, black snakeroot, wild sarsaparilla, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic division--Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Province--Superior Upland
MLRA--Superior Lake Plain (92)
LRR K; northwestern Wisconsin and northeastern Minnesota
Extent--moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bayfield County, Wisconsin, 2005.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 75 centimeters; series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 25 centimeters (A and E/B horizons);
glossic horizon--the zone from a depth of 8 to 61 centimeters (E/B and B/E horizons);
argillic horizon--the zone from a depth of 25 to 135 centimeters (B/E, Btk1, and Btk2 horizons);
aquic moisture regime.
The intense reddish colors inherent in the parent material often mask the redoximorphic features and make taxonomic classification difficult.
Water table studies in this soil (and associated soils) were used to classify this series.
Badriver soils react positively to the alpha, alpha-dipyridyl at some time during saturation.
Cation-exchange activity class is supported by laboratory data (NSSL).
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska-user pedonids 90WI003002, 90WI003001, 90WI003003, 90WI003004, and 90WI003007 (http://ssldata.sc.egov.usda.gov/).
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.