LOCATION CANFIELD OH+NY PA
Established Series
Rev. DRM-CER-ELM
03/2015
CANFIELD SERIES
The Canfield series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in Wisconsinan age till on plains. In some pedons there is a thin loess mantle. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low in the fragipan and substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1065 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C (48 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Fragiudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Canfield silt loam, on a 3 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 364 m (1,195 ft) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap -- 0 to 15 cm (0 to 6 in); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; common fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 30 cm (6 to 12 in) thick.)
BE -- 15 to 23 cm (6 to 9 in); brown (10YR 4/3) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; common faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds; weak fine and medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine and medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine roots; 2 percent rock fragments; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 in) thick in cultivated areas and 8 to 20 cm (3 to 8 in) thick in undisturbed areas.)
Bt1 -- 23 to 38 cm (9 to 15 in); strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) silt loam; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) silt coatings on faces of peds; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on faces of peds; few rock fragments; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 in) thick.)
2Bt2 -- 38 to 53 cm (15 to 21 in); yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 5 percent rock fragments; few fine prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.
2Bt3 -- 53 to 66 cm (21 to 26 in); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; few fine roots; few faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 10 percent rock fragments; common fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion and few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulations; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (The combined thickness of 2Bt horizons is 10 to 61 cm (4 to 24 in).
2Btx1 -- 66 to 97 cm (26 to 38 in); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on vertical faces of peds and common faint brown (10YR 4/3)clay films on horizontal faces of peds; common medium black (10YR 2/1) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent rock fragments; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary.
2Btx2 -- 97 to 114 cm (38 to 45 in); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak thick platy; very firm, brittle; common distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) clay films on horizontal and vertical faces of peds; common fine and medium very dark brown (10YR 2/2) stains (iron and manganese oxide); about 10 percent rock fragments; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) areas of iron depletion; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (The combined thickness of 2Btx horizons is 38 to 94 cm (15 to 37 in).
2C1 -- 114 to 157 cm (45 to 62 in); olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent rock fragments; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2C2 -- 157 to 203 cm (62 to 80 inches); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) loam; massive; friable; about 10 percent rock fragments; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Holmes County, Ohio; Salt Creek Township, about 2.8 miles north of Mt. Hope; about 1055 feet south and 2375 feet west of the northeast corner of section 26, T. 15 N., R. 12 W.; USGS Fredericksburg, Ohio topographic quadrangle; Latitude 40 degrees, 39 minutes, 56 seconds N. and Longitude 81 degrees, 47 minutes, 34 seconds W., NAD 1983.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches), but may be thinner on eroded pedons. Depth to the top of the fragipan ranges from 38 to 76 cm (15 to 30 in). Depth to carbonates is 127 to 254 cm (50 to 100 in). Content of rock fragments, dominantly sandstone but including shale and some crystalline rocks, ranges from 0 to 20 percent by volume above the fragipan, 2 to 25 percent in the fragipan and 2 to 34 percent below the fragipan. Base saturation is more than 60 percent at a depth of 76 cm (30 in) below the upper boundary of the fragipan. The particle size control section averages 18 to 27 percent clay.
The Ap horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. Some uncultivated pedons have an A horizon 3 to 13 cm (1 to 5 inches) thick that has hue of 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A horizon is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, the A or Ap horizon commonly is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The E horizon is mixed in the Ap in some cultivated areas. Where present, the E horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silt loam, loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The BE horizon has hue of 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is silt loam or loam, or their gravelly analogues. Unless limed, it is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The Bt or 2Bt horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6; and redoximorphic features with chroma of 2 or less above the fragipan and within the upper 10 inches of the Bt or 2Bt. It is commonly loam or silt loam, or their gravelly analogues but thin subhorizons with clay loam or silty clay loam are in some pedons. It is very strongly acid or strongly acid.
The Btx or 2Btx horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is loam, silt loam, sandy loam, or their gravelly analogues. It is very strongly acid to neutral.
There is a BC or 2BC horizon in some pedons that is similar to the Btx or 2BTx horizons, but is not brittle.
The C or 2C horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam, silt loam, sandy loam or their gravelly analogues. It is strongly acid to slightly alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Nockamixon,
Rittman,
Teegarden and
Titusville series. The Nockamixon series has less than 60 percent base saturation at a depth of 76 cm (30 in) below the upper boundary of the fragipan. The Rittman series has 27 to 35 percent clay in the particle size control section. The Teegarden series has sola 127 to 203 cm (50 to 80 in) thick with weathered material from fractured bedrock at 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 in). The Titusville series formed in Illinoian age till.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Canfield soils formed in low-lime Wisconsinan age till on till plains. Commonly, the till is thinly mantled with loess. Slope ranges from 0 to 35 percent. Climate is humid. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 830 to 1320 mm (33 to 52 in) Mean annual temperature ranges from about 6 to 11 degrees C (43 to 52 degrees F).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Bogart,
Chili,
Frenchtown,
Ravenna, and
Wooster soils. The well drained Wooster soils, the somewhat poorly drained Ravenna soils, and the poorly drained Frenchtown soils are in a toposequence with Canfield soils. The Wooster soils are on similar positions and the Ravenna and Frenchtown soils are on lower topographic positions or are on less sloping areas along drainageways. The Bogart and well drained Chili soils are on nearby areas of gravelly outwash.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low in the fragipan and substratum. Depth to an intermittent perched seasonal high water table ranges from 25 to 53 cm (10 to 21 in) from November to April in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grain and hay. Steeper slopes are commonly in pasture or woodland. The natural vegetation is deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and north central Ohio, northwestern Pennsylvania, and in some areas in New York as of 2014 (see REMARKS). MLRAs 139 and 140. The series is extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Trumbull County, Ohio, 1917.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
1. Ochric epipedon - 0 to 23 cm (0 to 9 in) (Ap, BE).
2. Argillic horizon - 23 to 114 cm (9 to 45 in) (Bt1, 2Bt2, 2Bt3, 2Btx1,2Btx2).
3. Fragipan - 66 to 114 cm (26 to 45 in) (2Btx1, 2Btx2).
4. Redoximorphic features - 15 to 114 cm (6 to 45 in).
A moderately shallow to bedrock phase has been recognized. This phase will need to be evaluated during MLRA update activities.
Canfield that was previously mapped in New York has been correlated to Mardin in survey areas that have been updated. In old survey areas in NY which haven't been updated, Canfield remains in the legend. As of 2014 a future project has been established in NASIS to investigate these areas, as well as areas in Columbia County, PA which are geographically separated from the main concentration of Canfield soils.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data for the Canfield series can be found at the NCSS KSSL Soil Characterization Database. This includes data from the Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.