LOCATION COALVALE                KS+MO OK

Established Series
Rev. DAG-WAW-RGC
12/2020

COALVALE SERIES

The Coalvale series consists of very deep, moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained soils on interfluves and hillslopes. These soils formed in spoils of surface mining which have been smoothed. The spoils contained geologic materials that are less than strongly cemented, soil material and rock fragments. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 1082 mm (42 to 46 inches) and the mean annual temperature is 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, spolic, mixed, active, nonacid, thermic Anthroportic Udorthents

TYPICAL PEDON: Coalvale silty clay, on a northeast-facing, convex, 5 percent shoulder slope, hay meadow. Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.

^Ap--0 to 8 cm (0 to 3 inches); very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; friable, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; many very fine and fine and common medium roots throughout; 5 percent shale parachanners; slightly acid (pH 6.3); parachanners are strongly effervescent; clear smooth boundary. [3 to 10 cm (1 to 4 inches) thick]

^C1--8 to 86 cm (3 to 34 inches); variegated, 60 percent very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2), 30 percent brown (10YR 4/3), and 10 percent brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely parachannery silty clay loam (40 percent clay); massive; firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout the fine earth fraction; 10YR 4/3 material appears to be disturbed remnant of argillic horizons although clay films are not visible under current conditions; 60 percent shale parachanners, 5 percent shale channers; slightly alkaline (pH 7.7); parachanners and channers are strongly effervescent; clear smooth boundary.

^C2--86 to 117 cm (34 to 46 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) silty clay loam (39 percent clay); massive; firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout the fine earth fraction; common fine tubular pores; 1 percent shale parachanners; few buried coarse roots; common medium distinct dark gray (10YR 4/1) iron depletions; slightly alkaline (pH 7.8); parachanners are strongly effervescent; clear smooth boundary.

^C3--117 to 185 cm (46 to 73 inches); variegated, 60 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2), 25 percent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4), 15 percent brown (7.5YR 4/4) extremely parachannery silty clay loam (40 percent clay); massive; firm, moderately sticky and moderately plastic; common very fine roots throughout the fine earth fraction; common very fine and fine tubular pores; 7.5YR 3 /4 material appears to be disturbed remnant of argillic horizons although clay films are not visible under current conditions; 50 percent shale parachanners, 10 percent shale channers, and one shale flagstone; slightly alkaline (pH 7.4).

TYPE LOCATION: Crawford County, Kansas; about 2 miles east of Franklin, 1100 feet east and 450 feet south of the northwest corner of section 15, T. 29 S., R 25 E.; USGS Arma, Kansas topographic quadrangle; Latitude: 37 degrees 31 minutes 36 seconds north Longitude: 94 degrees 39 minutes 49 seconds west; UTM Grid Zone 15S, 352984 m easting, 4154605 m northing, NAD83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:

Depth to bedrock: greater than 200 cm (80 inches).
Soil temperature: 14 to 17 degrees C (57 to 63 degrees F).
Randomly arranged fragments of argillic horizons and mollic epipedons may occur in any horizon(s)
Rock fragments: 0 to 30 percent by volume; dominantly channers of shale, but gravel, channers, flagstones and stones of shale, limestone and/or sandstone are present in some pedons.
Pararock fragments: 0 to 85 percent by volume; dominantly parachanners of shale, but paragravel, paraflagstones and parastones of shale are present in some pedons.
Coal fragments may be present in any horizon(s)
Reaction: ultra acid to very strongly alkaline.
Organic matter: content varies randomly by horizon below the A horizon; the A horizon typically contains 3 to 7 percent and the lower horizons less than 0.5 percent.
Clay content: 20 to 70 percent in a given horizon; 35 to 50 percent in the particle size control section.

^Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y
Value: 2 to 4.
Chroma: 2 to 4.
Texture: silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, or their parachannery, paragravelly, channery, or gravelly analogues.
Clay content: 20 to 60 percent.
Sand content: 0 to 20 percent.
Structure: weak or moderate subangular blocky parting to weak or moderate granular.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent.
Pararock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent.
Reaction: 5.6 to 8.2.

^C1 horizon:
Hue: 2.5YR to 5Y
Value: 2 to 5.
Chroma: 1 to 6.
Redoximorphic features: none to common iron accumulations in shades of brown, none to few soft masses of iron-manganese.
Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or their parachannery to extremely parachannery, paragravelly to extremely paragravelly, channery or gravelly analogues.
Clay content: 35 to 60 percent.
Sand content: 0 to 20 percent.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent.
Pararock fragment content: 0 to 60 percent.
Concentrations: none to few masses or crystals of gypsum.
Reaction: 4.0 to 7.8.
Some pedons have an AC horizon in this part of the profile with the properties listed here.

^C2, ^C3 horizons:
Hue: 2.5YR to 5Y or N
Value: 2 to 5.
Chroma: 0 to 6.
Redoximorphic features: none to many iron accumulations in shades of brown, none to few soft masses of iron-manganese.
Texture: silty clay loam, silty clay, or their parachannery to extremely parachannery, paragravelly to extremely paragravelly, channery or gravelly analogues.
Clay content: 28 to 70 percent.
Sand content: 0 to 20 percent.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 20 percent.
Pararock fragment content: 0 to 90 percent.
Concentrations: none to common masses or crystals of gypsum.
Reaction: 3.0 to 13.2.

COMPETING SERIES: This is the Brazilton soils. Other similar soils include Diswood, Emachaya, Ironbridge, Latimer, Thermo, and Whitefield soils.
Brazilton: has less than 15 percent pararock and rock fragments above 102 cm (40 inches).
Diswood: warmer, lacks shale fragments in the upper horizons, very slowly permeable.
Emachaya: less clay, has more fragments that are strongly cemented, more sand, slower permeability.
Ironbridge: less clay, has more fragments that are strongly cemented, more sand, slower permeability.
Latimer: formed in sodic reclamation materials, periodic flooding, has more fragments that are strongly cemented, more sand, slower permeability.
Thermo: warmer, very slowly permeable, fewer rock and pararock fragments.
Whitefield: moderately deep, less clay, slower permeability.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Coalvale soils are on summits, shoulders, backslopes, footslopes and toeslopes on uplands that have been created and/or altered by earth moving equipment. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. These soils formed in spoils of surface mining which have been smoothed. The spoils contained geologic materials that are less than strongly cemented, soil material and rock fragments. The original soil material developed from Pennsylvanian age geology. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1041 to 1194 mm (41 to 47 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 13 to 17 degrees C (55 to 63 degrees F). Elevation is 170 to 320 meters (558 to 1050 feet) above mean sea level. P-E index 66 to 78.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
These are the Brazilton and Kanima soils on surface-mined areas, and the Cherokee, Dennis, Parsons and Zaar soils on adjacent or nearby undisturbed areas. Brazilton soils have less than 15 percent pararock and rock fragments above 102 cm (40 inches). Kanima soils are on adjacent non-reclaimed areas.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Moderately well drained on summits, shoulders and backslopes. Somewhat poorly drained on footslopes and toeslopes. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 30 to 107 cm (1 to 3.5 feet) between November and May in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is medium on gentle slopes and high on steeper slopes. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high (1 to 4 micrometers per second). Permeability is moderately slow.

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are typically managed as pasture. Some areas are used for home sites and recreation. Common plants managed in pastures are fescue, Korean lespedeza and bermudagrass. Woody species, annual forbs and annual grasses are common invaders in many areas where managed plants do not survive. Home sites are often located near water bodies that were created by mining and/or reclamation.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 112 in southeastern Kansas, southwestern Missouri and northeastern Oklahoma. The series is of moderate extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Crawford County, Kansas, 2002

REMARKS:
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle-size control section: the zone from 25 to 100 cm (10 to 39 inches). (^C1 and ^C2 horizons)
Ochric epipedon: The zone from 0 to 8 cm (0 to 3 inches). (^A horizon)
Diagnostic horizon fragments: Fragments of argillic horizons are present in random locations in the profile. While the remnant clay films were not visible under field conditions at the time of sampling, the brown silty clay material appears to be remnant argillic horizon. Photomicrographs of a pedon 150 feet east (99KS037001) of the type location shows a clay film. Many pedons have fragments of mollic epipedons and argillic horizons through the profile.

The assignment of cation-exchange activity class is supported by lab sample user pedon ids: 99KS037001 and 99KS037002.

Taxonomic Version: Keys to Soil Taxonomy Twelfth Edition, 2014

Formerly these soils were mapped as Kanima soil series.

The multiple, artificially created landform segments on which this soil occurs creates a range of drainage classes and soil moisture regimes.

The parafragments in this soil may cause lab analysis to underestimate the percent clay in the fine earth fraction. Sample preparation which crushes the parafragments may increase the sand and silt fractions relative to clay.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Kellogg Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska User pedon id: 99KS037001, 99KS037002

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.