LOCATION CULVER MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Glossudalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Culver silt loam on a 4 percent linear slope on a moraine under a recently harvested mixed deciduous forest. Elevation of about 404 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 10 centimeters; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) silt loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; many very fine to medium roots; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 15 centimeters thick; if an Ap, as thick as 20 centimeters)
E--10 to 15 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) silt loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to weak fine granular; very friable; many very fine to medium roots; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (3 to 30 centimeters thick)
Bw--15 to 23 centimeters; brown (7.5YR 4/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many very fine and fine and few medium roots; common medium prominent grayish brown (10YR 5/2) Fe depletions and few fine distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 10 centimeters thick)
E/B--23 to 41 centimeters; 70 percent brown (7.5YR 5/3) silt loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry (E); 30 percent brown (7.5YR 4/3) loam (Bt); strong medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine and fine roots; common fine faint brown (7.5YR 5/2) Fe depletions and common medium distinct strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the E/B, B/E, 2E/B or 2B/E horizons is 5 to 48 centimeters)
2Bt1--41 to 69 centimeters; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and very fine roots; common continuous reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores, common discontinuous light brown (7.5YR 6/3) dry silt coats on faces of peds; few medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; strongly acid; gradual wavy boundary.
2Bt2--69 to 99 centimeters; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong medium prismatic structure parting to strong medium subangular blocky; firm; common very fine roots; common continuous reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few fine prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel and 1 percent cobbles; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary.
2Bt3--99 to 132 centimeters; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate coarse subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium platy; firm; few fine roots; few discontinuous reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; diffuse wavy boundary. (combined thickness of the 2Bt horizons is 38 to 127 centimeters)
2C--132 to 203 centimeters; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; massive; firm; few fine prominent red (2.5YR 5/8) Fe concentrations; 5 percent gravel; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 88-Northern Minnesota Glacial Lake Basins, St. Louis County (Meadowlands Part), Minnesota; about 2 miles northwest of the town of Brookston; located about 1,800 feet north and 150 feet west of the southeast corner of section 20, T.51 N., R. 18 W.; USGS Brookston NW topographic quadrangle; latitude 46 degrees 53 minutes 19 seconds N., and longitude 92 degrees 38 minutes 25 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the loamy mantle and depth to till ranges from 10 to 51 centimeters
Depth to free carbonates--152 to greater than 203 centimeters
Volume of rock fragments throughout the profile--total 1 to 10 percent; with 1 to 10 percent gravel, 0 to 2 percent cobbles and 0 to 1 percent stones. Rock fragments are mostly of mixed lithology
Clay content of the loamy mantle of eolian or glaciofluvial deposits averages less than 18 percent
Clay content of the till ranges from 20 to 35 percent
Sand content of the till is less than 45 percent
Some pedons have an O horizon (duff layer).
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--7.5YR or 10YR
Value--2 or 3 moist, 5 or 6 dry (if an Ap, value moist is 3 or 4)
Chroma--1 or 2 moist or dry (if an Ap, chroma moist is 1 to 3)
Texture--silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam
Reaction--very strongly to moderately acid
E horizon:
Hue--5YR to 10YR
Value--4 or 5 moist, 6 or 7 dry
Chroma--1 to 3 moist or dry
Texture--silt loam, very fine sandy loam or fine sandy loam
Reaction--very strongly to moderately acid
The E horizon typically has distinct to prominent Fe concentrations
Bw horizon (when present):
Hue--5YR to 10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--silt loam, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam or loam
Reaction--very strongly acid to moderately acid
The Bw horizon typically has distinct to prominent Fe concentrations and depletions
All pedons have a glossic horizon comprised of an E/B, B/E, 2E/B, 2B/E or any combination of these horizons.
E part of the E/B, B/E, 2E/B, or 2B/E horizon:
Hue--5YR to 10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Bt part of the E/B or B/E horizon:
Hue--5YR to 10YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--loam or silt loam
Bt part of the 2E/B or 2B/E horizon:
Hue--2.5YR to 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--clay loam or loam
Reaction--very strongly acid to moderately acid.
The E/B or B/E typically has faint to distinct Fe concentrations and depletions.
2Bt horizon:
Hue--2.5YR to 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--clay loam or loam
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
Some pedons have a 2BC horizon.
2C horizon:
Hue--2.5YR to 7.5YR
Value--4 or 5
Chroma--3 or 4
Texture--loam or clay loam
Reaction--slightly acid to slightly alkaline
3C horizon (when present):
Some phases recognized have 3C horizons below a depth of 152 centimeters
Hue--5YR to 10YR
Texture--sand and/or gravel
Reaction--slightly acid to neutral
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Branstad,
Daybrook,
Dinham,
Flambeau,
Flintsteel,
Hiles,
Loyal and
Nashwauk soils.
Branstad--allow free carbonates as shallow as 100 centimeters and average between 45 and 65 percent sand in the particle-size control section
Daybrook--formed in a 60 to 100 centimeter thick mantle of outwash overlying Rainy lobe till with a densic contact at a depth ranging from 100 to 150 centimeters
Dinham--have a sand content of more than 70 percent in the upper part of the series control section
Flambeau--allow for greater than 45 percent sand throughout
Flintsteel--lack a significant mantle of loamy eolian or glaciofluvial deposits and have a densic contact at a depth ranging from 64 to 102 centimeters
Hiles--have a paralithic contact at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters
Loyal--have a mantle of loess or silty alluvium 30 to 91 centimeters thick over loamy till
Nashwauk--have a densic contact within the depth of 100 to 150 centimeters and have greater than 45 percent sand content throughout
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--mantle of loamy eolian or glaciofluvial deposits and the underlying firm loamy till of the St. Louis sublobe of the Des Moines lobe of the Late Wisconsinan glaciation
Landform--on summits and on linear and convex back slopes of moraines and till plains
Slope--2 to 10 percent
Mean annual air temperature--3 to 5 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--500 to 762 millimeters
Frost-free period--90 to 145 days
Elevation above sea level--300 to 550 meters
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Baden,
Blackhoof,
Duluth,
Dusler and
Ellsburg soils, that form a hydrosequence with the Culver soils.
Baden--are in lower landscape positions in drainageways and depressions and are in the Typic Endoaquepts subgroup
Blackhoof--are in lower landscape positions in drainageways and depressions and are in the Histic Humaquepts subgroup
Duluth--are on similar or more sloping positions on the landscape and are in the Haplic Glossudalfs subgroup
Dusler--are on slightly concave to slightly convex lower lying or less sloping positions on the landscape and are in the Aquic Glossudalfs subgroup
Ellsburg--are on flats and in drainageways and are in the Typic Glossaqulfs subgroup
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--moderately well drained--a perched seasonal saturated zone occurs as shallow as 33 centimeters below the surface during the spring in normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.00 to 100.00 micrometers per second (moderately high or high) in the loamy mantle and 0.10 to 1.00 micrometers per second (moderately low) in the underlying till
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are forested. Common trees are quaking aspen, paper birch, American basswood, sugar maple, northern red oak, eastern white pine, balsam fir and white spruce. Some is used for agricultural cropland. Hay, pasture and small grains are the most common crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains or Laurentian Upland
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland or Superior Upland
Physiographic sections--Western Lake section (if in the Central Lowland Province) or undefined (if in the Superior Upland Province)
MLRAs--Northern Minnesota Glacial Lake Basins (88) and Wisconsin and Minnesota Thin Loess and Till, Northern Part (90A)
LRR K; northeastern Minnesota
Extent--moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Mille Lacs County, Minnesota, 2005.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 41 to 91 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
ochric epipedon--the zone from the mineral soil surface to 15 centimeters (A and E horizons);
glossic horizon--the zone from 23 to 41 centimeters (E/B horizon);
argillic horizon--the zone from 41 to 132 centimeters (2Bt1, 2Bt2 and 2Bt3 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
This series also recognizes a coarse substratum phase.
Saturated horizons often do not show reduction due to the nature of the reddish parent material.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--Reference samples from lab pedon number 97P0224, samples 97P01545-1553 from St. Louis County, Minnesota, samples by National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska (http://ssldata.nrcs.usda.gov/).