LOCATION DRAMMEN WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Hapludalfs
TYPICAL PEDON: Drammen loamy sand - on a concave 7 percent slope in cropland at an elevation of about 1000 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 9 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loamy sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)
Bw1--9 to 15 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine and medium roots; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bw2--15 to 21 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine roots; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bw3--21 to 44 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) sand; single grain; loose; neutral; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bw horizons ranges from 30 to 59 inches)
E&Bt--44 to 65 inches; about 75 percent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) sand (E); single grain; loose; slightly acid; lamellae of brown (7.5YR 4/4) and strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) loamy sand and sand (Bt) (2 to 7.5 cm thick; >15 cm total); weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many faint brown (7.5YR 4/3) clay bridges between sand grains; 3 percent sandstone channers; slightly acid; gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 30 inches thick)
C--65 to 72 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) sand; single grain; loose; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Pepin County, Wisconsin; about 10 miles east of Durand; about 2,325 feet east and 2,615 feet south of the northwest corner of section 18, T. 25 N., R. 11 W.; USGS Meridean topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 38 minutes 49 seconds N. and long. 91 degrees 45 minutes 48 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to lamellae ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches. Mean annual soil temperature ranges from 47 to 52 degrees F. Volume of sandstone channers ranges from 0 to 15 percent throughout the solum.
The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 1 to 3. Uncultivated pedons have an A horizon, 1 to 4 inches thick, with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 to 3. Surface texture is loamy sand. Reaction naturally ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid but ranges to neutral in Ap horizons where the soil is limed.
Some pedons have an E horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is typically sand or loamy sand but includes fine sand and loamy fine sand. Reaction naturally ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid but ranges to neutral where the soil is limed.
The Bw horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is typically sand, or loamy sand, but includes fine sand and loamy fine sand. Reaction naturally ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid, but ranges to neutral where the soil is limed.
The E part of the E&Bt horizon, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 3 or 4. It is typically sand but some pedons are fine sand.
The Bt (lamellae) part of the E&Bt horizon, has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is typically sand or loamy sand, but some pedons contain lamellae of fine sand or loamy fine sand. Lamellae of sand or loamy sand have at least 3 percent more clay than the E part. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. It is sand or loamy sand. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid. Some pedons do not have a C horizon.
COMPETING SERIES: These are currently no competing series. Bloomfield and Spinks will compete when they are reclassified. Bloomfield soils have mean annual soil temperature of 53 to 59 degrees F. Spinks soils have lamellae less than 40 inches from the soil surface.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Drammen soils are on toe slopes and footslopes of sand sheets. Slopes range from 1 to 20 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 33 inches. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 46 to 51 degrees F. The frost-free period ranges from about 135 to 160 days. Elevation ranges from 900 to 1050 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: Near the type location these are the somewhat excessively drained Garne and the well drained Urne soils. Both of these soils are on hills and are 20 to 40 inches to sandstone bedrock.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Somewhat excessively drained. Permeability is rapid in the upper sandy part and moderately rapid in the lamellae.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Drammen soils have been cleared and are used for cropland. Corn, soybeans, small grains, and hay are the principal crops. Some have been planted to pine trees and a few areas remain in woodland. Native vegetation is mixed deciduous and pine forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Wisconsin. This series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pepin County, Wisconsin, 1997. Source of name is a local landmark (Drammen Valley).
REMARKS: Prior to 1996, Drammen soils were mapped as a loamy substratum or banded phase of the Plainfield series. Parent material is considered to be wind re-worked sandy outwash (sand sheets) which was subsequently moved downslope as alluvium. The lamellae are believed to have formed as a result of periodic deposition of fines from nearby loess covered hills to the alluvial deposits.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon: ochric epipedon - 0 to 9 inches (Ap); argillic horizon - 44 to 65 inches (Bt part of E&Bt with combined thickness of 6 inches or more).
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record - WI0598