LOCATION DWIGHT                  KS+OK

Established Series
Rev. LEB, JGA, BKN
07/2020

DWIGHT SERIES

The Dwight series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in residuum derived from limestone and shale. Dwight soils are on closed depressions on hillslopes on uplands in the Bluestem Hills, MLRA 76. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 840 millimeters (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is 13 degrees C (55 degrees F), at the type location.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Natrustolls

TYPICAL PEDON: Dwight silt loam - on a 1 percent slope under native grass. (Colors are for dry soil unless otherwise stated.) As described on May 15, 1959.

A--0 to 13 centimeters (0 to 5 inches); silt loam (23 percent clay and 4 percent sand), very dark brown (10YR 2/2), moist; weak fine granular structure; friable; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick) Lab sample # 40A14192.

Bt1--13 to 33 centimeters (5 to 13 inches); silty clay (49 percent clay and 2 percent sand), very dark brown (10YR 2/2) and very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) crushed, moist; weak coarse prismatic parts to weak coarse subangular blocky structure; very firm; few fine tubular pores; continuous distinct clay films and continuous silt coats on vertical faces of peds; few fine cherty flakes; noneffervescent; neutral; gradual smooth boundary. Lab sample # 40A14193

Bt2--33 to 56 centimeters (13 to 22 inches); silty clay (52 percent clay and 2 percent sand), dark brown (7.5YR 3/2), moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; continuous clay films; 1 percent fine carbonate concretions; few fine chert fragments; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary.(Range in thickness of the Bt horizons 30 to 100 centimeters (12 to 40 inches) Lab sample # 40A14194

BC--56 to 71 centimeters (22 to 28 inches); silty clay (53 percent clay and 2 percent sand), dark brown (7.5YR 3/4), moist; 1 percent faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) mottles; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; 1 percent fine carbonate concretions; few fine chert chips; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 40 centimeters (0 to 12 inches) Lab sample # 40A14195

C1--71 to 84 centimeters (22 to 33 inches); silty clay (48 percent clay and 3 percent sand), dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4), moist; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; 1 percent fine carbonate concretions and 2 percent fine and medium carbonate masses; few fine angular chert chips; slight effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual smooth boundary. Lab sample # 40A14196

C2--84 to 99 centimeters (33 to 39 inches); silty clay (52 percent clay and 3 percent sand), dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4), moist; structureless massive; very firm; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Lab sample # 40A14197

C3--99 to 107 centimeters (39 to 42 inches); clay (57 percent clay and 5 percent sand), dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4), moist; structureless massive; very firm; common chert fragments; noneffervescent; moderately alkaline; clear smooth boundary. Lab sample # 40A14198

R--107 centimeters (42 inches); hard cherty limestone bedrock; cracks are filled with reddish brown interstitial clay.

TYPE LOCATION: Butler County, Kansas; about 9 kilometers (5.6 miles) south and 0.5 kilometers (0.3 miles) east from the intersection of Highway 177 and NE 150th Road at the northern edge of Cassoday; located about 620 meters (2034 feet) north and 565 meters (1854 feet) east from the southwest corner of sec. 14, T. 24 S., R. 7 E. (Public Land Survey Location); Rosalia NW USGS quad; latitude 37 degrees, 57 minutes, 41.2 seconds north; longitude 96 degrees, 37 minutes, and 57.1 degrees west, WGS84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil moisture regime: ustic moisture regime bordering on udic
Soil temperature regime: mesic
Mollic epipedon thickness: 35 to 100 centimeters (14 to 40 inches)
Depth to argillic: 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches)
Depth to secondary carbonates: 33 centimeters (13 inches) or greater
Depth to Natric horizon: 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches)
Depth to limestone or shale: 100 centimeters to 150 centimeters (40 to 60 inches)
Mean annual soil temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (55 to 58 degrees F)
Soil moisture: The soil moisture control section is intermittently moist in some part from March through October; driest in November through February
Particle size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent

A horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 or 5 dry, 2 or 3 moist
Chroma: 1 to 2 dry or moist
Texture: silty loam or silty clay loam
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Electrical conductivity: 0 to 2
Sodium adsorption ratio: 0 to 4
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage: 0 to 3 percent
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral.
Gray silt coatings are on faces of peds in the lower 2 to 5 centimeters (1 or 2 inches) of this horizon in some pedons.

Btn or Bt horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5YR
Value: 4 to 5 dry and 2 to 3 moist
Chroma: 1 or 2 dry or moist
Texture: silty clay or clay
Clay content: 40 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Electrical conductivity: 0 to 4
Sodium adsorption ratio: 13 to 20
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage: 6 to 7 percent
Rock fragment percent: 0 to 5
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 2 percent
Gypsum: 0 to 2 percent
Reaction: slightly acid to moderately alkaline.

C or BC horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5YR
Value: 4 to 6 dry and 3 to 5 moist
Chroma: 3 or 4 dry or moist
Texture: silty clay, silty clay loam, or clay
Clay content: 30 to 60 percent
Sand content: 1 to 20 percent
Electrical conductivity: 0 to 8
Sodium adsorption ratio: 5 to 25
Exchangeable Sodium Percentage: 3 to 8 percent
Rock fragment percent: 0 to 10
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 0 to 3 percent
Gypsum: 0 to 5 percent
Reaction: neutral to moderately alkaline
Common redoximorphic features.

COMPETING SERIES:
These are the Cavo, Degrey, Dudley, and Wood River series.
Cavo, Degrey, Dudley, and Wood River soils do not have bedrock occurring between 100 to 150 centimeters (40 to 60 inches).

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: residuum from weathered limestone and shale
Landform: hillslopes of uplands
Slopes: 0 to 3 percent
Elevation: 300 to 505 meters (980 to 1660 feet)
Mean annual air temperature: 12 to 14 degrees C (54 to 58 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation: 790 to 960 millimeters (31 to 38 inches)
Precipitation pattern: Precipitation is usually evenly distributed throughout the year with the exception of November through February being the driest months and May and June being the wettest months. Summer precipitation occurs during intense summer thunderstorms.
Frost-free period: 175 to 200 days

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
These are Irwin, Labette, Ladysmith, and Sogn soils.
Irwin and Sogn soils occur on lower shoulder slopes and have a sodium adsorption ratio less than 13 (lacks a natric horizon).
Labette and Ladysmith soils are on similar landforms and have a sodium adsorption ratio less than 13 (lacks a natric horizon).

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage: Moderately well
Runoff: medium or high
Saturated hydraulic conductivity: low
Occasional small depressional areas pond water for several days.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for native range. Native vegetation is mid and tall prairie grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Kansas and northeast Oklahoma; Land Resource Region H Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Major Land Resource Area 76 Bluestem Hills; Major Land Resource Area 74 Central Kansas Sandstone Hills; Land Resource Region M Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region; Major Land Resource Area 112 Cherokee Prairies. This series is of large extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Salina, Kansas

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Geary County, Kansas, 1957.

REMARKS:
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle-size control section: The zone from 13 to 56 centimeters (5 to 22 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
Mollic epipedon: The zone from 0 to 56 centimeters (0 to 22 inches) (A, Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
Argillic horizon: The zone from 13 to 56 centimeters (5 to 22 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
Natric horizon: The zone from 13 to 56 centimeters (5 to 22 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons)
Lithic contact: 107 centimeters (42 inches)

Keys to Soil Taxonomy: Twelfth edition, 2014.

1/2012 JGA Changed type location to a site that was sampled in Butler County since Dwight is no longer mapped in Geary County. Lab data supports a natric horizon. Updated the intro paragraph. Converted English measurements to metric. Changed format to semi-tabular. In the Range of Characteristics, added soil moisture, soil temperature, particle size control section clay and sand percent. Added clay content, sand content, electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, Exchangeable Sodium Percentage, rock fragments, calcium carbonate equivalent, and reaction to horizon data. Increased the reaction to strongly alkaline in the subsurface horizons based on lab data. Updated the competing series section. Updated the geographic settings section. Updated parent material to residuum from weathered limestone and shale to fit with surrounding soils. Added precipitation pattern. Updated geographically associated soils section. Change permeability to saturated hydraulic conductivity. Added remarks section. Updated additional data section.

06/2020 BKN Updated RIC to meet current standards. Added argillic horizon and lithic contact to remarks. Updated Keys to Soil Taxonomy to Twelfth Edition.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Data for typical pedon is from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska samples 40A1782 (59KS015007)
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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.