LOCATION EVOLUTION CA

Established Series
CKS/CES/JTW
09/2021

EVOLUTION SERIES

The Evolution series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils formed in till derived from granitic rocks. The Evolution soils are on moraines of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Slopes range from 2 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 985 mm and the mean annual air temperature is about 3 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, isotic Vitrandic Cryorthents

TYPICAL PEDON: Evolution very cobbly coarse sandy loam on a west-facing (274 degree), 5 percent slope under a canopy of lodgepole pine at an elevation of 3217 meters. (Colors are for dry soils unless otherwise noted. When described on August 3, 2015 the soil was moist throughout.)

Oi--0 to 1 cm; very dark gray (7.5YR 3/1) stony slightly decomposed plant material, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; 5 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 5 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 5 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; very strongly acid (pH 4.8); abrupt smooth boundary. (1 to 4 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00918

A--1 to 5 cm; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) very cobbly coarse sandy loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) moist; 73 percent sand; 21 percent silt; 7 percent clay; weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; common very fine and fine roots throughout; many very fine irregular pores; 10 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 10 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 7.4; very strongly acid (pH 4.6); abrupt wavy boundary. (4 to 20 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00919

BA--5 to 17 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) very cobbly coarse sandy loam, dark brown (7.5YR 3/3) moist; 75 percent sand; 19 percent silt; 6 percent clay; weak fine subangular blocky parts to weak fine granular structure; soft, very friable, slightly sticky, nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots throughout; common very fine irregular pores; 25 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 10 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 10.6; strongly acid (pH 5.1); clear wavy boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00920

Bw--17 to 42 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) extremely stony loamy coarse sand, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; 85 percent sand; 10 percent silt; 4 percent clay; weak fine subangular blocky structure; soft, very friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots throughout; common very fine irregular pores; 35 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 10.9; strongly acid (pH 5.3); gradual wavy boundary. (15 to 40 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00921

BC--42 to 75 cm; yellow (10YR 7/6) extremely stony coarse sand, brown (7.5YR 4/4) moist; 91 percent sand; 6 percent silt; 4 percent clay; structureless single grain; loose, loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine and few fine roots throughout; common very fine and many fine irregular pores; 35 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 20 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 10.9; strongly acid (pH 5.5); gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 40 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00922

C--75 to 109 cm; reddish yellow (7.5YR 7/6) extremely cobbly loamy coarse sand, brown (7.5YR 5/4) moist; 77 percent sand; 18 percent silt; 4 percent clay; structureless single grain; loose, loose, nonsticky, nonplastic; common very fine, fine, and medium roots throughout; many very fine interstitial pores; 15 percent coarse prominent irregular red (2.5YR 5/6) moist, masses of oxidized iron with diffuse boundaries in matrix; 2 percent medium distinct threadlike black (10YR 2/1), moist, root sheaths with diffuse boundaries on surfaces along root channels; 35 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 20 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 10 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 10.8; strongly acid (pH 5.5); gradual wavy boundary. (10 to 55 cm thick) Lab sample # 16N00923

Cd1--109 to 145 cm; yellow (10YR 7/6) extremely cobbly loamy sand, yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) moist; 81 percent sand; 14 percent silt; 5 percent clay; structureless massive; moderately hard, firm, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine irregular pores; 15 percent medium prominent irregular red (2.5YR 4/6) moist, iron-manganese masses with diffuse boundaries in matrix and 15 percent coarse distinct irregular light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) moist, iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in matrix; 5 percent medium distinct threadlike black (10YR 2/1), moist, root sheaths with diffuse boundaries on surfaces along root channels; 40 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 15 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles, 8 percent subrounded indurated granite stones; NaF pH 10.0; moderately acid (pH 5.6); clear wavy boundary. Lab sample # 16N00924

Cd2--145 to 165 cm; yellow (10YR 7/6) very gravelly loamy sand, dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) moist; 77 percent sand; 18 percent silt; 6 percent clay; structureless massive; moderately hard, friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few very fine and fine roots throughout; few very fine tubular pores; 5 percent medium prominent irregular yellowish red (5YR 4/6) moist, iron-manganese masses with diffuse boundaries in matrix and 10 percent medium distinct irregular strong brown (7.5YR 4/6) moist, iron-manganese masses with diffuse boundaries in matrix and 15 percent coarse prominent irregular olive gray (5Y 5/2) moist, iron depletions with diffuse boundaries in matrix; 40 percent subrounded indurated granite gravel, 5 percent subrounded indurated granite cobbles; NaF pH 10.4; moderately acid (pH 5.8). (combined thickness of Cd horizons is 20 to greater than 100 cm) Lab sample # 16N00925

TYPE LOCATION: Tulare County, California, a half-mile south of Tyndall Creek Ranger Station; USGS 7.5 minute topographic quadrangle: Mount Kaweah, California; WGS84 36.346486 latitude and -118.645809 longitude; UTM zone 11 4054074 meters N 375297 meters E NAD83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Soil temperature: The mean annual soil temperature at 50 cm is 0 to 5 degrees C and the difference between mean summer and mean winter soil temperature is more than 6 degrees C. The soils have a cryic temperature regime.

Soil moisture: The soils have a xeric soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about September to October (about 60 days).

Diagnostic Feature(s):
Ochric epipedon thickness: 18 cm
Densic contact: 100 to 150 cm

Reaction: very strongly to slightly acid

Depth to redoximorphic features: 50 to 100 cm

Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe: 0.4 to 2.0 percent (by weight) in an 18 cm thick layer within a depth of 75 cm from the mineral soil surface

Volcanic glass: 5 to 30 percent in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction in an 18 cm thick layer within a depth of 75cm from the mineral soil surface

Particle size control section weighted average:
Rock fragments: 35 to 70 percent, with 0 to 45 percent gravel, 15 to 35 percent cobbles, and 0 to 20 percent stones.
Clay content: 1 to 8 percent
NaF pH: 9.0 to 11.0

A horizon
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR
Value: 4 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist
Chroma: 2 to 4, dry or moist
Texture: loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, coarse sandy loam, sandy loam
Clay content: 1 to 8 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 75 percent
0 to 35 percent gravel
0 to 25 percent cobbles
0 to 25 percent stones

Bw horizons (or BA horizons, where present):
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR
Value: 5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist
Chroma: 4 to 6 dry, 3 to 6 moist
Texture: coarse sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, coarse sandy loam
Clay content: 1 to 6 percent
Rock fragments: 15 to 75 percent
0 to 50 percent gravel
0 to 25 percent cobbles
0 to 25 percent stones

C horizons (or BC horizons, where present):
Hue: 7.5YR, 10YR, 2.5Y
Value: 5 to 7 dry, 4 to 6 moist
Chroma: 3 to 6 dry, 3 or 4 moist
Texture: coarse sand, sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand,
Clay content: 0 to 8 percent
Rock fragments: 0 to 75 percent
0 to 45 percent gravel
0 to 35 percent cobbles
0 to 15 percent stones
Redoximorphic Features:
Oxidized iron and iron-manganese masses in matrix
Quantity: few to common
Size: fine, medium, and coarse

Cd horizons:
Hue: 10YR, 2.5Y
Value: 5 to 8 dry, 4 to 6 moist
Chroma: 2 to 4, dry or moist
Texture: coarse sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand
Clay content: 1 to 8 percent
Rock fragments: 35 to 75 percent
15 to 45 percent gravel
0 to 35 percent cobbles
0 to 15 percent stones
Redoximorphic Features:
Oxidized iron and iron-manganese masses in matrix
Quantity: few to common
Size: fine, medium, and coarse
Iron depletions in matrix
Quantity: few to common
Size: fine, medium, and coarse

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Lapin and Siberian soils. Lapin soils are 50 to 100 cm to a densic contact. McDermand soils are 50 to 100 cm to a lithic contact and have redox concentrations at 10 to 50 cm. Siberian soils are well drained, lack a densic contact and redox concentrations or depletions within 100 cm.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Evolution soils are in concave footslope and toeslope positions of moraines on glacial-valley floors and basin floors, and seeps on ground moraines.. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent. These soils formed in till derived from granite and granodiorite. Elevation is 2660 to 3955 meters. The climate is Mediterranean with warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters. The mean annual precipitation is 530 to 1430 mm and the mean annual air temperature is -1 to 4 degrees C. The frost free season is 45 to 95 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Findome and Siberian soils. The competing Siberian soils are on linear to convex backslopes of ground moraines and mountain slopes, and do not have redox features within the series control section. The Findome soils are on linear to convex footslopes of till plains and ground moraines, and have a densic contact between 25 to 50 cm.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained, high saturated hydraulic conductivity. Saturated hydraulic conductivity of the densic layer is moderately low to moderately high.

USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for recreation, wildlife habitat, and watershed. Vegetation is lodgepole pine, dwarf bilberry, and sparse perennial grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Sierra Nevada Mountains of California; MLRA 22A. These soils are moderately extensive.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Davis, California

SERIES PROPOSED: Tulare County, California in Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks. Source of name from Evolution Valley in Kings Canyon National Park.

REMARKS:
Particle Size Control Section for this pedon: 26 to 101 cm
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric Epipedon 0 to 18 cm
Redox Concentrations 75 to 165 cm
Redox Depletions with Chroma 2 or Less 109 to 165 cm
Densic Materials 109 to 165 cm
Densic Contact 109 cm

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Lab Pedon #: 16N0255
NASIS User Pedon ID: S2015CA107002

Soil classified using the 12th Edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.