LOCATION EXUM               NC+SC VA
Established Series
PLT-JAK-AG, Rev. MHC
03/2002

EXUM SERIES


The Exum series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils on uplands in Middle and Lower Coastal Plain. They formed in loamy marine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 63 degrees F, and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults

TYPICAL PEDON: Exum very fine sandy loam - cultivated. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 8 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; common fine roots; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 10 inches thick)

E--8 to 12 inches; light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) very fine sandy loam; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few fine roots; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)

BE--12 to 15 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam; weak medium granular structure; friable; few fine roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)

Bt1--15 to 25 inches; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; sticky and slightly plastic; few fine roots; few faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt2--25 to 40 inches; brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds and pore walls; common medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt3--40 to 50 inches; light yellowish brown (10YR 6/4) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds and pore walls; few plinthite nodules; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/2) iron depletions and yellowish red (5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary.

Bt4--50 to 70 inches; pale brown (10YR 6/3) loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky and slightly plastic; few faint clay films on faces of peds and pore walls; few plinthite nodules; common medium distinct light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions and many medium prominent red (2.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; gradual smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bt horizon ranges from 42 to more than 60 inches.)

C--70 to 100 inches; gray (10YR 6/1), yellow (2.5Y 7/6), and red (2.5YR 5/6) loam; massive; friable, slightly plastic, slightly sticky; few plinthite nodules; the areas with gray are iron depletions, and the areas with yellow and red are masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid.

TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, North Carolina; 0.3 mile west of Fremont on County Road 1359, 30 feet south of road in cultivated field.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Reaction is extremely acid to moderately acid in the A and E horizons, unless limed, and extremely acid to strongly acid in the B and C horizons. The lower Bt and C horizons in some pedons contain plinthite nodules, but no horizon within 60 inches of the surface has as much as 5 percent plinthite.

The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is silt loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam.

The E horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is silt loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam.

The BE horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Texture is loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam.

The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8. Iron depletions of 2 or less chroma are within 30 inches of the surface and lacking in the upper 10 inches of the argillic horizon. Masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, and brown range from few to many in the middle and lower Bt horizons. Some pedons have a Btg horizon which has hue 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 1 or 2. It has masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, brown, or yellow. Texture of the Bt and Btg horizons is loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam. The upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon has more than 50 percent silt plus very fine sand and 18 to 35 percent clay. Some pedons have silty clay or clay below 40 inches.

Some pedons have a BCg or BC horizon which has the same color and texture range as the Btg and Bt horizons respectively.

The C horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 8, and commonly has patterns of iron depletions in shades of gray and brown and masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow or brown. Texture is variable and ranges from sandy to clayey sediment.

The Cg horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 1 or 2, and commonly masses of iron accumulation in shades of red, yellow, or brown. Texture is variable and ranges from sandy to clayey sediment.

COMPETING SERIES: (This section not checked this date: added activity class) These are the Felkner and Sawyer series in the same family. Felkner soils have uncoated sand grains and silt coatings on ped surfaces. In addition, Felkner soils lack plinthite nodules in the lower horizons. Sawyer soils have clayey subhorizons in the B horizon.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Exum soils are nearly level to gently sloping, and are on uplands of the Middle and Lower Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. The soil formed in loamy marine sediments. Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 63 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 48 inches.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These include the Aycock, Goldsboro, Grantham, Lynchburg, Nahunta, Noboco, and Norfolk series are the Norfolk and Grantham series. The well drained Aycock, Noboco, and Norfolk soils are slightly higher or nearer to drainageways, and in addition, Noboco and Norfolk soils are fine-loamy. Goldsboro soils are fine-loamy and in the same landscape position. The poorly drained Grantham soils, and the somewhat poorly drained Lynchburg and Nahunta soils are lower or further from drainageways than Exum soils. Also, Lynchburg soils are fine-loamy.

DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained; slow runoff; moderately slow permeability.

USE AND VEGETATION: About two-thirds of the total acreage is used for growing corn, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, truck crops, and small grain. The remainder is in pasture and forests. Common trees in forested areas include loblolly pine, longleaf pine, water oak, white oak, southern red oak, white oak, sweetgum, yellow poplar, and red maple. Understory plants include American holly, flowering dogwood, blueberry, greenbrier, and persimmon.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. This series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Pitt County, North Carolina, 1969.

REMARKS: The Exum series was previously included in the Goldsboro and Duplin series. However, the Goldsboro series is in a fine-loamy family and the Duplin series is in a clayey family.

Diagnostic horizons and soil characteristics recognized in the typical pedon are:
Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 12 inches (Ap and E horizons)
Albic horizon - the zone from 8 to 12 inches (E horizon)
Argillic horizon - the zone from 15 to 70 inches (Bt1, Bt2, Bt3, Bt4 horizons)

MLRA: 133A, 153A, 149A, 153B, 153C
SIR: NC0062
REVISED: 2/6/96, MHC

TABULAR SERIES DATA:
SOI-5 Soil Name Slope Airtemp FrFr/Seas Precip Elevation
NC0062 EXUM 0- 5 58- 63 185-240 45- 55 40- 170

SOI-5  FloodL FloodH Watertable Kind   Months  Bedrock Hardness
NC0062 NONE          2.0-3.0  APPARENT DEC-APR  60-60        

SOI-5 Depth Texture 3-Inch No-10 Clay% -CEC- NC0062 0-12 VFSL L SIL 0- 0 95-100 6-18 2- 6 NC0062 12-70 L CL SICL 0- 0 95-100 18-35 4- 8 NC0062 70-99 VAR - - - -

SOI-5 Depth -pH- O.M. Salin Permeab Shnk-Swll NC0062 0-12 3.5- 6.0 .5-2. 0- 0 2.0- 6.0 LOW NC0062 12-70 3.5- 5.5 0.-.5 0- 0 0.2- 0.6 LOW NC0062 70-99 - - - -


National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.