LOCATION HAWICK MN+IAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, mixed, mesic Entic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Hawick sandy loam, on a convex slope of 4 percent, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 18 centimeters; very dark brown (10YR 2/2) sandy loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 12 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (17 to 41 centimeters thick)
Bw--18 to 28 centimeters; dark brown (10YR 3/3) gravelly loamy coarse sand, brown (10YR 4/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; about 20 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 40 centimeters thick)
C--28 to 203 centimeters; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) gravelly coarse sand; single grain; loose; about 30 percent gravel; few, soft, very pale brown (10YR 8/2) accumulations of calcium carbonate on underside of gravel and very coarse sand fragments; strongly effervescent, slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 103-Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, Meeker County, Minnesota subset; about 4 miles north and 1 mile east of Kingston; located about 160 feet north and 100 feet east of the southwest corner of section 4, T.119 N., R.29 W.; USGS Kingston topographic quadrangle; lat. 45 degrees 08 minutes 21 seconds N. and long. 94 degrees 20 minutes 12 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates--0 to 100 centimeters
Thickness of the mollic epipedon--17 to 41 centimeters
Clay content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--1 to 10 percent
Sand content in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--75 to 95 percent
Rock fragment content--5 to 35 percent, mostly gravel, some subhorizons have up to 60 percent, mixed lithology
Ap or A horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 to 3
Texture--loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, sandy loam, coarse sandy loam, or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--2 to 15 percent
Sand content--60 to 90 percent
Gravel content--less than 35 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 15 percent
Reaction--slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have an AB or AC horizon
Bw horizon (when present):
Hue--7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--2 to 4
Texture--loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sand or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--1 to 10 percent
Sand content--75 to 95 percent
Gravel content--less than 60 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 10 percent
Reaction--slightly acid to slightly alkaline
Some pedons have high chroma redoximorphic features, but they are thought to be from iron-rich water associated with original deposition of these sediments
Bk or BC horizon (when present):
Hue--7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, sand, or the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--1 to 10 percent
Sand content--75 to 95 percent
Gravel content--less than 60 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--3 to 10 percent
Thickness--0 to 20 inches
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Some pedons have high chroma redoximorphic features, but they are thought to be from iron-rich water associated with original deposition of these sediments
C horizon:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loamy sand, loamy coarse sand, coarse sand, sand or the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--1 to 10 percent
Sand content--75 to 95 percent
Gravel content--less than 35 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--5 to 10 percent
Reaction--slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline
Some pedons have high chroma redoximorphic features, but they are thought to be from iron-rich water associated with original deposition of these sediments
COMPETING SERIES: These are the
Bellechester,
Finchford,
Fruitfield,
Hononegah,
Komro,
Lasa,
Sparta,
Trempe, and
Zumbro series.
Bellechester--have soft sandstone bedrock within a depth of 150 centimeters
Finchford--do not have carbonates within a depth of 200 centimeters
Fruitfield--have a gravel content of 0 to 5 percent in the series control section
Hononegah--have a gravel content of less than 5 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Komro--have redoximorphic features in the series control section and are frequently saturated at a depth of 1.1 meters during the wettest periods of normal years
Lasa--do not have rock fragments in the series control section and do not have carbonates within a depth of 200 centimeters
Sparta--do not have rock fragments in the series control section and have lamellae within a depth of 200 centimeters
Trempe--have hues redder than 7.5YR in the series control section, do not have rock fragments in the series control section, and do not have carbonates in the series control section
Zumbro--have mollic epipedons more than 60 centimeters thick
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--sandy outwash sediments, with or without a thin loamy mantle
Landform--outwash plains, stream terraces, and glacial moraines
Slope--2 to 70 percent
Elevation--185 to 450 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--4 to 13 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--585 to 1,040 millimeters
Frost-free period--135 to 220 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Burnsville,
Estherville,
Malardi,
Mayer,
Rasset, and
Wadena soils.
Burnsville--are on less convex positions on the landscape and have an argillic horizon
Estherville--are on less convex positions on the landscape, have a cambic horizon, and have a clay content of 10 to 18 percent in the upper third of the series control section
Malardi--are on less convex positions on the landscape and have an argillic horizon
Mayer--are on lower lying landscape positions and are frequently saturated at the soil surface during the wettest periods of normal years
and do not have carbonates with a depth of 150 centimeters
Wadena--are on less convex positions on the landscape and have a clay content that averages 18 to 30 percent in the upper half of the particle-size control section
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--excessively drained--a frequently saturated zone does not occur within a depth of 1.8 meters during the wettest periods of normal years
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--10.00 to 100.00 micrometers per second in the upper third of the series control section and 100.00 to 705.00 micrometers per second in the lower two thirds of the series control section
Surface runoff potential--very low to medium
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas of these soils are used for pasture and hayland or as a source of aggregate or fill material. Some areas are cultivated and a few areas are forested. The native vegetation is big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Western lake section, Eastern lake section, Wisconsin driftless section and Dissected till plains
MLRAs--Central Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (103),
Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104),
Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105),
Iowa and Minnesota Loess Hills (107), and
Wisconsin and Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91)
LRR M; south-central and east-central Minnesota and north-central and western Iowa
Extent--moderate
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Dakota County, Minnesota, 1980.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 28 centimeters (Ap and Bw horizons);
udic moisture regime.
Entic subgroup--does not have a cambic horizon.
Hawick soils were formerly included in the Salida Series.
Type location moved from Dakota County, Minnesota to Meeker County, Minnesota in 11/96 to better exemplify the series concept within the MLRA.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Refer to MN. Agr. Exp. Sta. Central File Code Numbers 2174, 2175, and 2187 for results of laboratory analyses of some pedons.