LOCATION KALLIO MIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Fragiorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Kallio cobbly silt loam on a 3 percent slope - forested. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Oi--1 to 0 inches; undecomposed hardwood leaf litter.
A--0 to 2 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/2) cobbly silt loam; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) dry; strong medium granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; about 20 percent cobbles; extremely acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 5 inches thick)
E--2 to 5 inches; reddish gray (5YR 5/2) cobbly silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse roots; about 20 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear broken boundary. (0 to 6 inches thick)
Bs1--5 to 9 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; about 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
Bs2--9 to 16 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine to coarse roots; about 10 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bs horizons are 6 to 18 inches)
2Ex--16 to 25 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) fine sandy loam; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam pockets comprise approximately 5 percent of the horizon volume; weak coarse prismatic structure; extremely firm; many medium vesicular and irregular pores; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 10 inches thick)
2(E/B)x--25 to 34 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/2) silt loam (E); occupies about 55 percent of the horizon surrounding peds of weak red (5YR 4/2) silt loam and weak red (5YR 4/2) silt loam (Bt); strong medium angular blocky structure; very firm; common medium vesicular and irregular pores; few distinct dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) clay films; about 5 percent gravel; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 22 inches thick)
2Bt--34 to 52 inches thick; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) gravelly loam; many coarse prominent reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) mottles; moderate fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate very fine angular blocky; firm; few irregular pores; dark reddish brown (5YR 4/2) clay films; about 13 percent gravel and 10 percent cobbles; slightly acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 20 inches thick)
2C--52 to 60 inches; dark reddish gray (5YR 4/2) gravelly loam; massive; firm; about 25 percent gravel; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Baraga County, Michigan; about 3 1/2 miles northeast of Covington; 1,300 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 7, T. 48 N., R. 33 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 55 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 12 to 22 inches. The solum ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid and the substratum ranges from moderately acid to neutral. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 10 percent in the solum and from 0 to 20 percent in the substratum. Cobble content ranges from 15 to 30 percent in the surface horizons and 0 to 10 percent in the rest of the pedon.
Some pedons have an O horizon with hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 0 or 1. The A horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR; value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or2. The E horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 or 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. The A and E horizons are dominantly cobbly silt loam, but the range includes cobbly very fine sandy loam and cobbly fine sandy loam.
The Bhs horizon where present has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3, and chroma of 2 or 3. The Bs horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR; value or 3 or 4 and chroma of 3 to 6. The B horizons are silt loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam.
The 2Ex horizon and the E part of the (E/B)x horizon have hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. The B part of the 2(E/B)x horizon have hue of 2.5YR to 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. The B part of the 2(E/B)x and the 2Bt horizon have hue of 2.5YR or 5YR; value or 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 4. The E part is fine sandy loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam. The B part is silt loam, loam, silty clay loam, or clay loam. The E and Bt horizons may occur separately or in combination.
The 2C horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR and chroma of 2 to 4. It is loam, silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or gravelly analogs of the textures.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Gogebic, Graveraet, McBride, Munising, Steuben, Wabeno (T) and Wakefield (T) soils. Similar soils are the closely related Watton and Champion soils. The Munising, Steuben, and McBride soils have coarser textured substrata and do not have cobbly surface horizons. The Wabeno soils contain less clay in the substratum. The Wakefield soils have fewer rock fragments in the solum and have a coarser textured substratum. The Gogebic soils have coarser textured pedons. The Champion soils do not have an argillic horizon and have a coarser textured substratum. The Watton soils do not have spodic horizons and a fragipan.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Kallio soils are on ground moraines and end moraines. Slope gradients range from 1 to 15 percent. Kallio soils formed in a loamy eolian mantle and in the underlying loamy till of Wisconsinan age. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 26 to 33 inches, and the mean annual temperature ranges from 40 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the well drained Champion and Watton soils on similar landscape positions.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Runoff is slow to moderate. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan, very slow in the fragipan, and moderately slow below the fragipan.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of this soil is in forest of sugar maple and varying amounts of yellow birch, eastern hemlock, quaking aspen, and balsam fir.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western part of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Baraga County, Michigan, 1984.
REMARKS: Classification adjusted to agree with ST Issue #17 on 6 Sept by CLG. Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 2 inches (A horizon); albic horizon - the zone from 2 to 5 inches (E horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 5 to 16 inches (Bs1 and Bs2 horizons); fragipan feature - the zone from 16 to 34 inches (2Ex and 2(E/B)x horizons); argillic horizon - the B part of the 2(E/B)x and 2Bt horizons).