LOCATION WAKEFIELD MI+WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, isotic, frigid Alfic Oxyaquic Fragiorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Wakefield silt loam - on a south facing 2 percent concave slope in an idle field at 1,240 feet elevation. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; dark reddish brown (5YR 3/3) silt loam, gray (5YR 5/1) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; many roots; 5 percent coarse fragments; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (6 to 8 inches thick)
Bs--7 to 18 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) silt loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; many roots; 5 percent coarse fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (6 to 14 inches thick)
2Bx--18 to 24 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/4) very fine sandy loam; moderate medium platy structure; very firm; very hard and brittle; few roots; common medium faint strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) iron accumulations; about 5 percent coarse fragments; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (0 to 8 inches thick)
2(E/B)x--24 to 36 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/3) fine sandy loam (E); moderate medium platy structure; very firm; very hard and brittle; an occasional root along vertical planes; common pores; common medium yellowish red (5YR 4/6) iron accumulations in the upper 6 inches; occupies about 75 percent of the horizon surrounding remnants of reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam 2Bt about 2 inches in diameter; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) clay films in pores and around small pebbles; clean medium sand grains around some pebbles; about 8 percent fine gravel; moderately acid; abrupt irregular boundary. (8 to 18 inches thick)
2Bt--36 to 49 inches; reddish brown (2.5YR 4/4) loam; massive; firm; common pores; many clay films in pores and around pebbles; few 2-3 mm thick reddish brown (5YR 4/3) coatings of clean medium and fine sand grains along vertical fracture planes; about 6 percent coarse fragments; slightly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (8 to 16 inches thick)
C--49 to 64 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; massive; friable; about 5 percent coarse fragments; slightly acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Gogebic County, Michigan. Approximately 4.2 miles north of Ironwood; about 1,980 feet south and 660 feet east of the northwest corner of sec. 35, T. 48 N., R. 47 W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 30 to 64 inches. Thickness of the eolian mantle ranges from 12 to 18 inches. Depth to the fragipan ranges from 16 to 24 inches. Redox concentrations are below the spodic horizon and within 40 inches. Saturation occurs within 40 inches for 1 month or more per year in most years. Volume of gravel ranges from 3 to 15 percent and volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent throughout. Total rock fragment content averages from 2 to 15 percent. Rock fragments are red sandstone, dark schist and slate and assorted crystalline rock. Stones covering the surface range from less than 0.01 to 3 percent. A very stony surface phase is recognized.
The Ap horizon has hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 or 3. Uncultivated pedons have an A horizon with hue of 5YR or 7.5YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 or 2. The Ap or A is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. Reaction of the Ap or A horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
Some pedons have an E horizon, up to 6 inches thick, with hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. Reaction of the E horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
Some pedon have a Bhs horizon, less than 3 inches thick with hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR, and value and chroma of 2 or 3. It is silt loam, loam, or fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR or 7.5YR; value of 3 or 4; and chroma of 4 to 6. It is silt loam, loam or fine sandy loam. The particle size control section averages between 8 and 15 percent clay and between 30 and 50 percent fine sand or coarser. Reaction of the Bs horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The 2Bx horizon has hue of 5YR, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 or 4. It is very fine sandy loam or loam. Reaction of the 2Bx horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The E portion of the 2(E/B)x or 2(B/E)x horizon has 2.5YR or 5YR hue, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is fine sandy loam or sandy loam. The Bt portion of the 2(E/B)x or 2(B/E)x horizon has ue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 4 and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is loam or clay loam. Reaction of the 2(E/B)x or 2(B/E)x horizon ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The 2Bt horizon has ue of 2.5YR or 5YR, and value and chroma of 3 or 4. It is loam or clay loam. Weighted average clay content of the 2Bt ranges from 18 to 30 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
The C horizon has 10R, 2.5YR or 5YR hue, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 3 or 4. It is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam or loam. Clay content ranges from 10 to 20 percent. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
COMPETING SERIES: The Argonne, and Wabeno series are being reclassified to coarse-loamy,mixed, frigid Alfic Oxyaquic Fragiorthods. The Gogebic, Graveraet, Kallio, Munising, and Stuben(T) series need to be reclassified. Argonne soils have hues yellower than 5YR in the lower solum and substratum and have less than 18 percent clay in the argillic horizon. Gogebic and Munising soils contain more than 50 percent fine sand or coarser in the particle size control section. Graveraet soils contain free carbonates at depths from 20 to 60 inches. Kallio soils contain more than 15 percent rock fragments in the upper part of the solum and contain more than 20 percent clay in the substratum. Stuben soils average more than 85 percent sand in the series control section within depths of 20 to 40 inches. Wabeno soils have less than than 18 percent clay in the argillic horizon and have hues yellower than 5YR in the lower part of the solum and substratum.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Wakefield soils are on gently sloping to strongly sloping till plains. They formed in modified loamy eolian deposits and in the underlying loamy glacial till on till plains. Slopes are dominantly 1 to 18 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 26 to 33 inches, and mean annual temperature is about 39 to 45 degrees F.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These include the competing Gogebic soils, the somewhat poorly drained Tula soils and the poorly drained Pleine soils. All of these soils are on nearby landscapes.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Medium runoff. Slow permeability. Permeability is moderate above the fragipan, very slow in the fragipan, and moderate below the fragipan. These soils have a seasonal perched water at a depth of 1 to 1.5 feet for 1 month or more per year at some time during the period from October to May in 6 or more out of 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of this soil is wooded. Sugar maple is the principal species. A small acreage is cultivated. Oats and hay are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan and northern Wisconsin. The series is of small extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Florence County, Wisconsin, 1995.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: ochric epipedon - the zone from the surface to 7 inches (Ap horizon); spodic horizon - the zone from 7 to 18 inches (Bs horizon); fragipan - the zone from 18 to 36 inches (2Bx and 2(E/B)x horizon; glossic horizon - the zone from 24 to 36 inches (2(E/B)x horizon); argillic horizon - the zone from 36 to 49 inches (2Bt horizon); oxyaquic subgroup - the soil is saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for 1 month or more per year in 6 or more out of 10 years.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Soil Interpretation Record: MI0171; MI0683 (VERY STONY SURFACE PHASE)