LOCATION KANDIYOHI MN+IAEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Aquertic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Kandiyohi clay on a convex 4 percent slope in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted).
Ap--0 to 25 cm (0 to 10 inches); black (10YR 2/1) clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; strong fine angular blocky structure; firm; about 1 percent gravel; slightly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. [18 to 30 cm (7 to 12 inches thick)]
Bw1--25 to 43 cm (10 to 17 inches); olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) clay; strong fine prismatic structure parting to strong very fine angular blocky; firm; many very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) organic coats on faces of peds; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.
Bg--43 to 58 cm (17 to 23 inches); dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) clay; strong medium prismatic structure parting to very fine angular blocky; firm; few fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) Fe concentrations and few fine prominent light olive gray (5Y 6/2) Fe depletions; many very dark grayish brown (2.5Y 3/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; about 1 percent gravel; neutral; gradual wavy boundary.[ Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 15 to 76 cm ( 6 to 30 inches) ]
Bkg1--58 to 74 cm (23 to 29 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; moderate medium prismatic structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; firm; common fine distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) Fe concentrations and common fine distinct light olive gray (5Y 6/2) Fe depletions; common threads and masses of calcium carbonate throughout; common dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; about 2 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
Bkg2--74 to 163 cm (29 to 64 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; firm; many medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) Fe concentrations and common fine distinct light olive gray (5Y 6/2) Fe depletions; common threads and masses of calcium carbonate throughout; common dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) organic coatings on faces of peds; about 4 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.[ 15 to 76 cm (6 to 30 inches thick)]
BCg--163 to 203 cm (64 to 80 inches); grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; moderate coarse prismatic structure parting to moderate fine angular blocky; very firm; many medium distinct light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) Fe concentrations and common fine distinct light olive gray (5Y 6/2) Fe depletions; few threads and masses of calcium carbonate; about 6 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Meeker County, Minnesota, about 1.5 miles northwest of Rosendale; about 594 m (1950 feet) east and 267 m (875 feet) north of the southwest corner of Sec. 5, T. 118 N., R. 32 W.; USGS Rosendale, MN quadrangle, latitude 45 degrees 03 minutes 33 seconds N; longitude 94 degrees 43 minutes 47 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates ranges from 41 to 91 cm (16 to 36 inches). That part of the soil developed in lacustrine sediments ranges to as much as 102 cm (40 inches) thick. The mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 51 cm (8 to 20 inches) in thickness. The 25 to 102 cm (10 to 40 inch) particle size control section averages between 35 and 60 percent clay and 5 to 20 percent fine sand and coarser. The lower part of the series control section has 30 to 55 percent clay, content of sand from 10 to 30 percent with a bulk density of 1.6 to 1.8 gm/cc. Rock fragments typically make up 0 to 2 percent of the upper mantle, when present, and 2 to 10 percent of the underlying material. Shale is a common component of the gravel size fraction.
The Ap and A horizons have hue of 10YR or 2.5Y; value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 1 or 2. The texture is silty clay loam, silty clay, clay loam or clay. The reaction is slightly acid or neutral.
The Bw horizon has hue of 2.5Y, value of 4 or 5 and chroma of 2 to 4. It is silty clay, clay, clay loam or silty clay loam. It is slightly acid to neutral. Ped exteriors have common to many coatings of organic matter and commonly are 1 or 2 units lower in chroma and/or value than ped interiors.
The Bkg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y; value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 to 4. It is clay, silty clay, clay loam or clay. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline. Soft masses and threads of free carbonates are common throughout.
Some pedons have a 2Bkg horizon that is similar to the Bkg but has more coarse fragments and a higher percentage of sand.
The BCg or Cg horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 1 to 3. It is clay, clay loam, silty clay or silty clay loam. It is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
Some pedons have a 2BCg or 2Cg horizon that is similar to the BCg or Cg but has more coarse fragments and a higher percentage of sand.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Collinwood, Guckeen, and Nameoki series. Collinwood, Guckeen and Nameoki soils have bulk density of less than 1.6 gm/cc in the lower part of the series control section.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kandiyohi soils are on plane to convex slope positions on slight rises and knolls within ground moraines and benches. Slopes range from 0 to 5 percent. They soils formed in a fine textured mantle over underlying firm till. The glacial till is thought to be pre-Wisconsin in age and referred to a Kandiyohi till locally. Mean annual air temperature ranges from 7 to 9 degrees C (45 to 48 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation is 660 to 711 mm (24 to 28 inches). Frost free days range from 140 to 155. Elevation above sea level is from 320 to 381 m (1050 to 1250 feet).
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Arkton, Corvuso, Cosmos, Lura, Newlondon and Strout soils. Cosmos, Lura and Strout soils form a hydrosequence with Kandiyohi soils. Moderately well drained Arkton and Newlondon soils are calcareous throughout and are on shoulders. Moderately well drained Strout soils are on summits, shoulders, and backslopes. Poorly drained Cosmos soils are on nearly level lower lying landscape positions. Poorly drained Danielson soils have a thicker mollic epipedon and are on footslopes. Poorly drained Corvuso soils are on rims of closed depressions. Very poorly drained Lura soils are in closed depressions.
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Surface runoff is moderately low. The saturated hydraulic conductivity is .42 to 1.41 micrometers per second (.06 to .2 inches per hour). Seasonal high perched saturation occurs at depths of 46 cm (1.5 feet) at some time during October to July in normal years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to corn and soybeans. Native vegetation is tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA-103. Central and south central Minnesota and north central Iowa. Moderately extensive.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Renville County, Minnesota, 1995
REMARKS: Diagnostic features recognized in this pedon are: mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 10 inches; (Ap horizon); cambic horizon - the zone from 10 to 23 inches (Bw1 and Bw2 horizons); other features: aquertic subgroup - 3 chroma matrix immediately below the mollic epipedon and over 6 cm of linear extensibility in upper forty inches.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station Central File Code number 4526 for data of the Typical Pedon and CFC numbers 4527, 4528, 3995, 4028, 4199, 4293, and 506 for results of laboratory analyses of representative pedons of this series. Soil Interpretation Record number MN0686.
Refer to the PhD thesis, 1984, by James Crum, University of Minnesota on the nature Kandiyohi till entitled "Soils and Till Stratigraphy of West-Central Minnesota.