LOCATION KARLSTAD                MN

Established Series
Rev. DDB-PMB-JJB
12/2013

KARLSTAD SERIES

The Karlstad series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loamy and sandy glaciofluvial deposits over sandy and gravelly glaciofluvial deposits on beach ridges on glacial lake plains, moraines and outwash plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 3 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is about 622 millimeters.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Aquic Hapludalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Karlstad loamy sand on a 2 percent slightly convex slope on a glacial lake plain in a wooded area. (All colors are for moist soil unless otherwise indicated.)

A--0 to 7 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) loamy sand, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; very friable; 3 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); clear smooth boundary.

E--7 to 17 centimeters; brown (10YR 5/3) loamy sand, pale brown (10YR 6/3) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; 5 percent gravel; slightly acid (pH 6.3); clear wavy boundary.

Bt--17 to 30 centimeters; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) coarse sandy loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common brown (10YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds; few fine faint yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron concretions; 5 percent gravel; neutral (pH 6.9);clear smooth boundary.

2Bt--30 to 45 centimeters; brown (10YR 4/3) gravelly coarse sandy loam, moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; common dark brown (10YR 3/3) clay films on all faces of peds; few fine distinct yellowish brown(10YR 5/6)Fe concentrations and common medium faint grayish brown(10YR 5/2)iron depletions; 20 percent gravel; neutral(pH 6.9); clear smooth boundary.

2C--45 to 152 centimeters; brown (10YR 5/3) gravelly coarse sand, single grain structure; loose; few fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) iron concentrations and few fine distinct light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) iron depletions; 40 percent gravel; strong effervescence; slightly alkaline (pH 7.6).

TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 88--Northern Minnesota Glacial Lake Basins; Beltrami County, Minnesota; about 9 miles west and 1 mile south of Shooks; 1,390 feet west and 600 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 32, T. 151 N., R. 31 W.; USGS O'Brien Lookout Tower NE, Minnesota topographic quadrangle; lat.47 degrees 51 minutes 31 seconds N. and long. 94 degrees 38 minutes 21 second w., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to free carbonates ranges from 20 to 76 centimeters. Depth to gravelly material ranges from 20 to 76 centimeters. The rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 15 percent in the A E, and Bt horizons, and 0 to 50 percent in the C or 2C horizon. Some pedons have a 2Bt2 horizon with rock fragment content ranging from 15 to 35 percent. The rock fragments are mixed in lithology. Clay content of the particle-size control section (weighted average) ranges from 5 to 18 percent. Sand content of the particle-size control section (weighted average) ranges from 50 to 78 percent fine sand and coarser in the upper part and ranges from 65 to 95 percent fine sand and coarser in the lower part.

The A horizon has a hue of 10YR, value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 or 2. Cultivated pedons have an Ap horizon that is 13 to 25 centimeters thick. It has a hue of 10YR, value of 4 and chroma of 1 to 3. It is loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges from 4.5 to 7.3. This horizon ranges from 5 to 15 centimeters thick.

The E horizon, where present, has a hue of 10YR, value of 4 to 6 and chroma of 2 or 3. It is a loamy sand, sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. Reaction ranges from 4.5 to 7.3. This horizon ranges from 0 to 30 centimeters thick.

The Bt horizon and 2Bt horizon, where present, have a hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 2 to 4. iron depletions with chroma of 2 or less are in all or part of these horizons. Texture of the fine earth fraction is coarse sandy loam, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam. It includes gravelly analogue textures in the lower part. It includes sandy clay loam in subhorizons of some pedons. They have few to common clay films on faces of peds and clay bridges between sand grains. Few to common thin coatings of E horizon material are on faces of peds in these horizons in some pedons. Reaction ranges from 6.1 to 7.8. This horizon ranges from 12 to 45 centimeters thick.

Some pedons have a Bk or 2Bk horizon.

The 2C horizon has a matrix hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 4. Iron concentrations with chroma higher than the matrix are in part to all of these horizons. Texture of the fine earth fraction is coarse sand, sand, fine sand, loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, loamy fine sand or their gravelly and very gravelly analogues. This horizon is typically stratified. Reaction ranges from 7.4 to 8.4.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bluffcreek, Brainerd and Growton series. The Bluffcreek series does not have free calcium carbonates within a depth of 76 centimeters. The Brainerd and Growton soils do not have sandy or gravelly textures in the lower part of the series control section.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Karlstad soils are on slightly concave to slightly convex positions on glacial lake plain, moraines and outwash plains. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. They formed in sandy and gravelly deposits on glacial lake beach ridges or in a loamy or sandy mantle over sandy outwash sediments on moraines and outwash plains of the Late Wisconsinan glaciation. Mean annual temperature is 2 to 8 degrees C. Mean annual precipitation is 580 to 770 millimeters. Frost-free days range from 90 to 160. Elevation above sea level ranges from 200 to 500 meters.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Epoufette, Meehan, and Marquette soils. The poorly drained Epoufette soils are on lower landscape positions in flats and swales on glacial lake plains. The somewhat poorly drained Meehan soils are on slightly lower landscape positions in flats and swales on glacial lake planes and do not have an argillic horizon. The somewhat excessively drained Marquette soils are on higher landscape positions on summits and shoulders of beach ridges on glacial lake planes.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--Moderately well drained-a frequently saturated zone occurs between the depth of 0.6 and 1.2 meters during the wettest period of normal years, this saturation is considered appartent.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--14 to 141 micrometers per second (high to very high.

USE AND VEGETATION: Half of these soils are forested with bur oak and quaking aspen being the principal trees. The remaining areas are used for cropland, hayland, or pasture. Small grains and forages are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mixed or alternating tall grass prairie and deciduous forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic Sections--Western lake section
MLRAs-Red River Valley of the North (56),
Northern Minnesota Gray Drift (57),
Northern Minnesota Glacial Lake Basins (88), and
Central Minnesota Sandy Outwash (91A)
LRR-Northern Great Plains Spring Wheat Region (F) and Northern Lake States Forest and and Forage Region (K)
Extent-moderate

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Kittson County, Minnesota, 1975.

REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 17 to 45 centimeters (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons
Series control section-the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 150 centimeters (A, E, Bt1, Bt2, and C)
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
ochric epipedon -- the zone from the surface to a depth of about 17 centimeters (A and E horizons)
argillic horizon -- the zone from a depth of 17 to 45 centimeters
aquic condions with endosaturation--between the depth of 17 to 152cm based on the presence of redoximorphic concentrations from 17 to 152 centimeters and redoximorphic depletion from 30 to 152 centimeters
Aquic subgroup -- presence of redoximorphic depletions with chroma of 2 or less within the upper 25 centimeters of the argillic horizon.
The type location was moved to Beltrami County, Minnesota to better reflect the central concept of the series. Further investigation is required to address the proper drainage class of this soil.

MLRA SSO Responsible: 10-BEM (Bemidji, Minnesota)

Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, eleventh edition, 2010.

ADDITIONAL DATA:
Pedon 1997MN007023 is the type location.
Laboratory data--Pedon S1977MN029-000 (2499)has accompanying University of Minnesota lab data. MAES CFC# 2481; contains hard copy format lab data.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.