LOCATION KIMMELL IN

Established Series
Rev. RAB-TRZ-DAG
11/2021

KIMMELL SERIES

The Kimmell series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in till over sandy outwash on outwash floored till plains. These soils are moderately deep or deep to dense till. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 914 mm (36 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 10.0 degrees C (50 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, illitic, mesic Aeric Epiaqualfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Kimmell loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 269 meters (883 feet) above mean sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

Ap--0 to 20 cm (8 inches); dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure parting to moderate medium granular; friable; common very fine and fine roots throughout; 1 percent gravel; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. [13 to 28 cm (5 to 11 inches) thick]

BE--20 to 30 cm (8 to 12 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; common very fine roots throughout; many very fine and fine interstitial and tubular pores with moderate continuity; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [0 to 20 cm (8 inches) thick]

Bt1--30 to 56 cm (12 to 22 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) clay loam; moderate fine subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2--56 to 81 cm (22 to 32 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; many distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few medium dark gray (10YR 4/1) irregular clay bodies in cracks; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary.

Btk--81 to 94 cm (32 to 37 inches); dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; firm; common very fine roots throughout; common very fine and fine tubular pores with low continuity; common distinct gray (10YR 5/1) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; few medium dark gray (10YR 4/1) irregular clay bodies in cracks; common fine distinct gray (10YR 6/1) irregular extremely weakly cemented carbonate masses in the matrix; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; many medium distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; slightly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 inches).]

Cd1--94 to 109 cm (37 to 43 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak coarse prismatic structure; prisms range from 5 to 13 cm (2 to 5 inches) across; very firm; common very fine roots in cracks; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular carbonate masses between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; common medium distinct grayish brown 10YR 5/2) iron depletions in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Cd2--109 to 135 cm (43 to 53 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure; prisms range from 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) across; very firm; common very fine roots in cracks; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular carbonate masses between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Cd3--135 to 163 cm (53 to 64 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; prisms range from 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches) across; very firm; many prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on bottoms of plates; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular carbonate masses between prisms; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Cd4--163 to 190 cm (64 to 75 inches); yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) clay loam; weak very coarse prismatic structure parting to weak very thick platy; vertical faces of prisms fan out into horizontal planes; very firm; very few prominent gray (10YR 6/1) carbonate coatings on bottoms of plates; few medium distinct white (10YR 8/1) irregular carbonate masses between plates; common medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in the matrix; 1 percent gravel; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Cd horizon is 76 to 203 cm (30 to 80 inches).]

2C--190 to 254 cm (75 to 100 inches); brown (10YR 5/3) fine sand and sand; single grain; loose; strongly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Elkhart County, Indiana; about 2 miles east of Millersburg; 2,525 feet south and 125 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 36, T. 36 N., R. 7 E.; USGS Millersburg, IN topographic quadrangle; lat. 41 degrees 31 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 85 degrees 39 minutes 19 seconds W., NAD 27; UTM Zone 16, 612182 easting and 4598535 northing, NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 76 to 152 cm (30 to 60 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 66 to 152 cm (26 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 35 to 48 percent clay
Below the series control section, depth to sand: 152 cm to 3 meters (60 to 120 inches)

Ap horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 3 or 4, 6 or more dry
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: loam
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral

E horizon: (where present)
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 or 5
Chroma: 1 to 3

Bt, Btg, Btk, BCt, or BCg horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 1 to 4
Redoximorphic features: common to many
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Reaction: moderately acid to neutral in the upper part and slightly acid to moderately alkaline in the lower part; carbonates are present in the lower part in some pedons

Cd horizon:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Redoximorphic features are present
Texture: silty clay loam or clay loam
Clay content: 27 to 35 percent clay
Rock fragment content: 0 to 5 percent gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline

Below the series control section:
2C horizon:
Hue: 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 to 6
Texture: fine sand, sand, or gravelly coarse sand
Sand content: averages more than 85 percent
Rock fragment content: 0 to 30 percent gravel
Calcium carbonate equivalent: 20 to 35 percent
Reaction: slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Bennington, Blount, Del Rey, Fulton, Mahoning, and Nappanee series. Bennington and Del Rey soils do not have a densic contact with till in the lower part of the series control section. Blount soils average more than 5 percent rock fragments in the lower part of the series control section. Fulton soils have more than 35 percent clay in the lower part of the series control section. Mahoning soils have a calcium carbonate equivalent of less than 20 percent in the lower part of the series control section. Nappanee soils do not occur on outwash floored till plains; soil properties within the series control section overlap with Kimmell soils.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Kimmell soils are on swells on outwash floored till plains of Wisconsinan age. Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Kimmell soils fomed in 152 cm to 3 meters (5 to 10 feet) of silty clay loam or clay loam till over sandy outwash. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 813 to 1016 mm (32 to 40 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 10.0 to 11.1 degrees C (50 to 52 degrees F). Frost-free period is 150 to 180 days. Elevation is 183 to 466 meters (600 to 1,530 feet) above mean sea level.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Blount, Cosperville, Glynwood, Morley, and Pewamo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Blount soils are on higher lying swells on till plains. The well drained Cosperville soils are on higher lying swells and knolls on till plains and moraines. The moderately well drained Glynwood and Morley soils are on higher lying knolls, or summits and backslopes on till plains. The very poorly drained Pewamo soils are in depressions on till plains.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Depth to the top of a perched seasonal high water table ranges from 15 to 46 cm (0.5 to 1.5 feet) for some time in normal years. Potential for surface runoff is low or medium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high in the solum, moderately low in the till substratum, and high or very high in the underlying sandy outwash. Permeability is moderately slow in the solum, slow in the till substratum, and rapid in the underlying sandy outwash.

USE AND VEGETATION: Soils are mainly used to grow corn, soybeans, wheat, and hay. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 111C in north-central Indiana. The series is of small extent.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Elkhart County, Indiana, 1997.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 30 cm (12 inches) (Ap, BE horizons).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 30 to 94 cm (12 to 37 inches) (Bt and Btk horizons).
Aquic conditions: redoximorphic features in the zone from 20 to 190 cm (8 to 75 inches).

NASIS Data Mapunit ID 124279 represents the typical pedon.

ADDITIONAL DATA: Lab characterization data is available for the typical pedon (S95IN-039-7) from the National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, NE. Transect data is on file for the typical pedon (T95IN-039-064) at the MLRA project office, Plymouth, Indiana. Transect shows 64 percent Kimmell, 9 percent Haskins, 9 percent Brady, 9 percent Brady-Arenic, and 9 percent Rawson soils.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.