LOCATION LAWLER IA+IL MN WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Lawler loam, on a 1 percent slope, in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 23 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A1--23 to 41 centimeters; black (10YR 2/1) loam, very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary.
A2--41 to 48 centimeters; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam, dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; friable; slightly acid; clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the A horizon is 20 to 49 centimeters.)
Bg1--48 to 66 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many distinct very dark brown (10YR 2/2) organic stains on all faces of peds; many fine prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary
Bg2--66 to 84 centimeters; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; clear smooth boundary.
Bg3--84 to 97 centimeters; dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) and many medium prominent brown (7.5YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron; moderately acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bg horizon is 20 to 50 centimeters.)
2C--97 to 200 centimeters; olive brown (2.5Y 4/3) gravelly sand; single grain; loose; about 20 percent mixed rock fragments; neutral.
TYPE LOCATION: Major Land Resource Area (MLRA) 104-Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies, Bremer County, Iowa subset; about 5 miles east of Waverly; located about 1,650 feet south and 100 feet east of the northwest corner of section 4, T. 91 N., R. 13 W.; USGS Waverly topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 43 minutes 32.1 seconds N. and long. 92 degrees 23 minutes 45.0 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the mollic epipedon20 to 49 centimeters
Depth to sand and gravel--50 to 100 centimeters
Depth to carbonates--more than 120 centimeters
Clay content in the upper half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--18 to 25 percent
Clay content in the lower half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--0 to 10 percent
Sand content in the upper half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--30 to 50 percent
Sand content in the lower half of the particle-size control section (weighted average)--80 to 90 percent
A or Ap horizon:
Hue--10YR
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--loam, silt loam, and clay loam
Clay content--18 to 28 percent
Sand content--25 to 50 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
AB or BA horizon (when present):
Hue--10YR
Value--3
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--loam and clay loam
Clay content--18 to 28 percent
Sand content--25 to 50 percent
Reaction--moderately acid to neutral
Bg, Bw, and BC horizons:
Hue--10YR or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loam, clay loam, sandy clay loam, and silt loam
Clay content--20 to 28 percent
Sand content--25 to 60 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to slightly acid
2BC horizon (when present):
Hue--7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 8
Chroma--2 to 6
Texture--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, coarse sand, sand, and the gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--0 to 10 percent
Sand content--70 to 90 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 35 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral
Some pedons have thin layers of sandy loam
2C horizon:
Hue--7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y
Value--4 to 8
Chroma--1 to 6
Texture--loamy coarse sand, loamy sand, coarse sand, sand, and the gravelly or very gravelly analogs of these textures
Clay content--0 to 5 percent
Sand content--85 to 99 percent
Rock fragment content--0 to 50 percent
Reaction--strongly acid to neutral
Some pedons have bedrock below a depth of 150 centimeters
COMPETING SERIES: This is the
Cylinder series.
Cylinder--have carbonates within a depth of 100 centimeters
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--50 to 100 centimeters of loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly sediments
Landform--treads and risers on stream terraces on flood-plain steps and on outwash plains
Slope--0 to 6 percent
Elevation--155 to 400 meters above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--6 to 12 degrees C
Mean annual precipitation--735 to 1,090 millimeters
Frost-free period--145 to 210 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Hayfield,
Marshan, and
Waukee soils.
Hayfield--are on landscape positions similar to those of the Lawler soils and do not have a mollic epipedon
Marshan--are at slightly lower landscape positions and have a frequently saturated zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 0.3 meter during the wettest periods of years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
Waukee--are at slightly higher landscape positions and do not have a frequently saturated zone within a depth of 1.8 meters in years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class--somewhat poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs within depths of 0.3 to 1 meter during April to June in years when precipitation is within one standard deviation of the 30 year mean of annual precipitation, this saturation is considered apparent
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--1.0 to 10.0 micrometers per second in the loamy alluvium and 100 to 705 micrometers per second in the underlying sandy and gravelly sediments
Flooding--no reasonable possibility of flooding or rarely flooded for brief duration
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, small grains, and legume hay. The native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, switchgrass, and other grasses of the tall grass prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic sections--Wisconsin driftless section, Till plains, and Dissected till plains
MLRAs--Eastern Iowa and Minnesota Till Prairies (104), Northern Mississippi Valley Loess Hills (105), and Illinois and Iowa Deep Loess and Drift (108)
LRR M; northeastern Iowa, northwestern Illinois, southeastern Minnesota, and western Wisconsin
Extent--large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Bremer County, Iowa, 1962.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters;
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon include:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 48 centimeters (Ap, A1, and A2 horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 48 to 97 centimeters (Bg1, Bg2, and Bg3 horizons);
udic moisture regime.
Aquic subgroup based on low chroma matrix of zone from 48 to 66 centimeters (Bg1 horizon).
Cation exchange class is inferred from lab data from similar soils in the surrounding area.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, tenth edition, 2006.