LOCATION LIVONIA                 MI

Established Series
JKC-ESG
01/2017

LIVONIA SERIES

The Livonia series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in sandy over loamy glaciolacustrine deposits typically covered by a surface mantle of sandy or loamy human transported material. These soils formed on low beach ridges, deltas, drainageways, nearshore zones, and lake plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 860 mm and mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, mesic Aquic Udipsamments

TYPICAL PEDON: Livonia loamy sand, on a 1 percent slope in a park, raised with fill at an elevation of 192 meters above sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)

^A--0 to 20 cm: very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sand, grayish brown (10YR 5/2), dry; weak medium subangular blocky parting to weak fine granular structure; very friable; common medium and many fine roots throughout; neutral, (pH 7.1); abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 23 cm thick)

^C--20 to 36 cm; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) sand; single grain; loose; few fine roots throughout; common very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) krotovinas; 3 percent medium gravel; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.4); abrupt smooth boundary. (0 to 49 cm thick)

Ab--36 to 53 cm; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loamy fine sand; weak medium granular structure; very friable; few fine roots throughout; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.4); abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 20 cm thick)

Bwb1--53 to 71 cm; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) fine sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very friable; few fine roots throughout; few fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions in matrix; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.5); clear wavy boundary.

Bwb2--71 to 79 cm; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) sand; weak medium subangular blocky structure parting to single grain; loose; few fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions and common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.5); clear wavy boundary.

Bwb3--79 to 99 cm; olive yellow (2.5Y 6/6) sand; single grain; loose; few fine prominent gray (2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions and many medium distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in matrix; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.4); gradual wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 38 to 97 cm.)

C--99 to 124 cm; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) sand; single grain; loose; many fine distinct gray (2.5Y 6/1) iron depletions and common medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron in matrix; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.6); abrupt wavy boundary. (20 to 64 cm)

2Cg1--124 to 152 cm; 65 percent grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) and 35 percent gray (5Y 5/1) stratified silt loam to silty clay loam; moderate medium plates of geogenic origin; firm; many medium prominent light olive brown (2.5Y 5/6) masses of oxidized iron in matrix; slight effervescence; slightly alkaline, (pH 7.8); clear wavy boundary.

2Cg2--152 to 203 cm (59.8 to 79.9 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) and gray (2.5Y 5/1) silt loam; massive; firm; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline, (pH 8.0).

TYPE LOCATION: Wayne County, Michigan; City of Inkster; located about 1,968 feet south and 1,178 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 31, T. 2 S., R. 10 E.; USGS Redford, Michigan topographic quadrangle; lat. 42 degrees 16 second 33.30 seconds N. and long. 83 degrees 17 minutes 38.82 seconds W., WGS 84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 61 to 137 cm.
Depth to redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less: 40 to 60 cm.
Depth to carbonates: 61 to 137 cm.
Rock fragments: Average 0 to 3 percent in the particle size control section.
Depth to lithologic discontinuity: 107 to 196 cm.
Thickness of Human Transported Materials: 0 to 50 cm.

^A or ^Au horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR or 2.5Y.
Value: 2 to 4.
Chroma: 1 to 3.
Texture: fine sand, sandy loam, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand.
Structure: Weak or moderate medium subangular blocky or granular.
Moist consistence: very friable or friable.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 14 percent.
Artifact fragments: 0 to 25 percent.
Reaction (pH): 6.1 to 7.8.

^C or ^Cu horizon, where present:
Value: 3 to 6.
Chroma: 2 to 6.
Texture: Sand or fine sand.
Structure: Single grain.
Moist consistence: loose.
Rock fragments: 1 to 20 percent.
Artifacts fragments: 0 to 34 percent.
Reaction (pH): 6.1 to 7.8.

Ab or A horizon:
Hue: 10YR.
Value: 2 or 3.
Chroma: 1 or 2.
Texture: fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand.
Structure: Weak medium or fine subangular blocky.
Moist consistence: very friable.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 3 percent.
Reaction (pH): 6.1 to 7.3.

Bwb or Bgb horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR to 2.5Y.
Value: 4 to 6.
Chroma: 1 to 6.
Texture: Fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy sand or sand.
Structure: Weak medium subangular blocky, weak fine granular, or single grain.
Moist consistence: very friable or loose.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent.
Reaction (pH): 6.3 to 7.6.

C or Cg horizon, where present:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y.
Value: 4 to 6.
Chroma: 1 to 4.
Texture: Fine sand or sand.
Structure: Single grain.
Moist consistence: Loose.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 2 percent.
Reaction (pH): 7.3 to 8.4.

2Cg horizon:
Hue: 10YR to 5Y.
Value: 4 to 6.
Chroma: 1 to 4.
Texture: Silt loam, silty clay loam, silt, very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loamy fine sand, fine sand, very fine sand; commonly stratified; thickness or sequence of individual strata may change within short horizontal distances.
Structure: Moderate medium plates of geogenic origin or massive.
Moist consistence: Firm.
Clay content: 5 to 32 percent in individual subhorizons or strata.
Reaction (pH): 7.4 to 8.4.

COMPETING SERIES: These are the Algansee, Altmar, Birchwood, Brems, Brockatonorton, Deerfield, Elnora, Fortress, Meckling, Morocco, Ottokee, Partridge, Succotash, Tedrow, and Zaborosky series. Algansee soils have an irregular decrease in organic matter with depth. Altmar soils average 10 percent or more rock fragments in the particle size control section. Birchwood soils have densic materials within 50 to 97 cm of the mineral soil surface. Brems, Elnora and Ottokee soils do not have redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less within a depth of 60 cm. Brockatonorton soils have a buried histic epipedon in the lower part of the series control section. Deerfield soils have very strongly to slightly acid reaction and Morocco soils have very strongly to moderately acid reaction in the lower part of the series control section. Fortress soils have human transported material 100 to 200 cm thick. Meckling soils are calcareous throughout the series control section. Partridge soils have a lithic contact between 51 and 102 cm. Succotash soils do not have a B horizon. Tedrow soils do not have loamy material within the series control section. Zaborosky soils have a surface mantle of new soil material thicker than 50 cm.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: The Livonia soils are on low beach ridges, deltas, drainageways, lake plains, and nearshore zones. They are on level or nearly level surfaces and typically have slope gradients of 0 to 4 percent but range to 6 percent. The soils formed in sandy over loamy glaciolacustrine deposits typically covered by a surface mantle of sandy or loamy human transported material except for pedons located in forest preserves and cropland areas that typically do not have human transported material. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 720 to 960 mm. Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C. Frost-free period is 135 to 210 days.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Belleville, Brems, Brems loamy substratum, Kibbie and Rapson soils. The poorly drained Belleville soils are in low topographic positions or in depressions. The moderately well drained Brems and Brems loamy substratum soils are on more sloping areas. The Kibbie soils are loamy throughout and Rapson soils have a sandy over loamy particle size control section. Both Kibbie and Rapson soils are on landscape positions similar to Livonia.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is high in the sandy material and moderately low or moderately high in the underlying loamy material. In areas where the soil has been compacted the saturated hydraulic conductivity is low.

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are typically covered by turfgrass and common weeds and used for recreation, urban, and industrial development. Some areas are wooded. Common trees are mixed hardwoods with oak, elm, and red maple being the principal species.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Michigan; MLRA 99. Theses soils are of small extent with about 2,750 acres of the series mapped.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, Massachusetts

SERIES PROPOSED: Wayne County, Michigan, 2016. The name is after the City of Livonia, Wayne County, Michigan.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Human transported material - the zone from 0 to 36 cm (^A and ^C horizons).
Ochric epipedon - the zone from a depth of 36 to 53 cm (Ab horizon).
Aquic conditions - redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less in all horizons below a depth of 53 cm.

The loamy substratum phase of Tedrow soils mapped in earlier surveys has a loamy substratum within 152 cm. The Livonia series will likely replace the Tedrow soils with a loamy glaciolacustrine substratum on deltas, drainageways, beach ridges, and nearshore zones.

A substratum phase of dense till with 32 to 52 percent clay is recognized within a depth of 150 to 200 cm.

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National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.