LOCATION LONDO MI

Established Series
Rev. JKC-ESG
05/2017

LONDO SERIES

The Londo series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in loamy till on moraines, till plains, water-lain moraines, and wave-worked till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 860 mm and the mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aeric Glossaqualfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Londo loam, on a 1 percent slope in a cultivated field at an elevation of 198 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)

Ap--0 to 20 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) loam, light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium granular structure; very friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (15 to 25 cm thick)

B/E--20 to 28 cm ; brown (7.5YR 4/4) clay loam (Bt); weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium and fine subangular blocky; friable; many fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) iron depletions; many fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron accumulation; discontinuous vertical tongues, 3 mm to 2.5 cm in diameter and 2.5 to 8 cm long, and thick coatings on all prismatic ped faces, root channels, and vertical cracks of brown (10YR 5/3) loam (E); weak medium platy structure; very friable; common fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron accumulation; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (5 to 18 cm thick)

Bt--28 to 46 cm; brown (10YR 4/3) clay loam; weak medium prismatic structure parting to moderate medium angular blocky; firm; many faint dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay films on faces of peds; many fine faint grayish brown (10YR 5/2) iron depletions; many fine faint brown (7.5YR 4/4) masses of oxidized iron accumulation; slightly alkaline; abrupt wavy boundary. (7 to 36 cm thick)

C1--46 to 74 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; weak thick plates of geogenic origin; friable; many fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) and light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) iron depletions; many fine faint dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) and reddish brown (5YR 5/4) masses of oxidized iron accumulation; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.

C2--74 to 152 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) loam; massive; friable; many light gray (10YR 7/2) thin streaks, and small spots of calcium carbonates; common fine distinct light brownish gray (10YR 6/2) and prominent gray (N 6/) iron depletions; common fine distinct yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) masses of oxidized iron accumulation; slightly effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: St. Clair County, Michigan; 2 1/2 miles west and 2 miles south of Lakeport; 160 feet west and 100 feet south of the northeast corner of sec. 2, T. 7 N., R. 16 E.; USGS Ruby, Michigan topographic quadrangle; lat. 43 degrees 4 minutes 50.63 seconds N. and long. 82 degrees 32 minutes 21.11 seconds W., WGS84.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Thickness of the solum: 30 to 64 cm.
Depth to carbonates: 30 to 64 cm.
Reaction of the solum: slightly acid to slightly alkaline.
Rock fragment content: 0 to 10 percent throughout.

Ap horizon
Value: 3 or 4 moist, 6 dry.
Chroma: 1 or 2.
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam.

E part of the B/E horizon
Value: 5 or 6.
Chroma: 2 or 3.
Texture: loam, fine sandy loam, or silt loam.

Bt part of the B/E horizon and the Bt horizon
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y.
Value: 4 to 6.
Chroma: 2 to 4.
Texture: clay loam or loam.

C horizon
Hue: 5YR to 2.5Y.
Value: 4 to 6.
Chroma: 1 to 6.
Texture: loam or clay loam.

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. Similar series include the Aubarque, Capac, Conover, Crosier, and Shebeon series. Aubarque, Conover, Crosier and Shebeon soils do not have a glossic horizon. Aubarque soils have carbonates within 25 cm of the soil surface and do not have an argillic horizon. Aubarque, Crosier and Shebeon soils have densic materials within the series control section. Capac soils classify as Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Glossudalfs and are typically deeper to carbonates than Londo soils.

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Londo soils formed in loamy till on moraines, till plains, water-lain moraines, and wave-worked till plains of the Mankato substage of the Wisconsinan glacial period. Slope gradients are dominantly 1 to 3 percent, but range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 710 to 960 mm. Mean annual temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C.

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Guelph, Poseyville, Selfridge, and Tappan soils. The well drained or moderately well drained Guelph and poorly drained Tappan soils form a drainage sequence with the Londo soils. The somewhat poorly drained Poseyville and Selfridge soils are on similar landform positions and have sandy materials in the upper part of the subsoil.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Somewhat poorly drained. The potential for surface runoff is negligible to medium depending on slope gradient. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high.

USE AND VEGETATION: The majority of this soil is cultivated. Corn, small grains, sugar beets, white beans, soybeans, and legume hay are the principal crops. Native vegetation is mixed northern hardwoods and eastern white pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 98 and 99 in central and eastern Michigan. These soils are extensive, with about 237,000 acres of the series mapped.

SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: St. Clair County, Michigan, 1969.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 20 cm (Ap horizon).
Glossic horizon: degradation of the argillic horizon from 20 to 28 cm (B/E horizon).
Argillic horizon: from a depth of 20 to 46 cm (Bt part of the B/E horizon and the Bt horizon).
Aquic conditions: redox depletions present in all horizons below the ochric epipedon.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.