LOCATION LUTON IA+MO NE SD
Established Series
Rev. RJK-RAL-RJB
06/2015
LUTON SERIES
The Luton series consists of very deep, poorly and very poorly drained soils formed in clayey alluvium. These soils are on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 11 degrees C (51 degrees F). Mean annual precipitation is about 71 centimeters (28 inches).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Endoaquerts
TYPICAL PEDON: Luton silty clay, with a slope of less than 1 percent, in a cultivated field, at an elevation of 291 meters (955 feet) above sea level. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
Ap--0 to 20 centimeters (0 to 8 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine subangular blocky structure; firm; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
A1--20 to 36 centimeters (8 to 14 inches); black (10YR 2/1) silty clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; neutral; gradual smooth boundary.
A2--36 to 64 centimeters (14 to 25 inches); very dark gray (10YR 3/1) silty clay, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; moderate very fine subangular blocky structure; firm; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [Combined thickness of the A horizon is 38 to 76 centimeters (15 to 30 inches).]
Bg1--64 to 79 centimeters (25 to 31 inches); very dark gray (5Y 3/1) silty clay, dark gray (5Y 4/1) dry; strong medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; a 1/2 inch wide vertical crack is filled with black (10YR 2/1) silty clay; neutral; clear smooth boundary.
Bg2--79 to 97 centimeters (31 to 38 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay; strong medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; slightly alkaline; abrupt smooth boundary.
Bkssg1--97 to 112 centimeters (38 to 44 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; few thick coatings on vertical or 45 degree faces of peds which may be slickensides; small calcium carbonate accumulations; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline; clear smooth boundary.
Bkssg2--112 to 152 centimeters (44 to 60 inches); dark gray (5Y 4/1) silty clay; weak medium subangular blocky structure; very firm; few thick coatings on vertical or 45 degrees faces of peds which may be slickensides; small calcium carbonate accumulations; few fine distinct dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) redoximorphic concentrations; strongly effervescent; slightly alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: MLRA 107B-Iowa and Missouri Deep Loess Hills, Mills County, Iowa subset; about 4 miles south of Glenwood; about 37 meters (120 feet) east and 719 meters (2,360 feet) south of the northwest corner of section 2, T. 71 N., R. 43 W.; USGS Rock Bluff quadrangle; lat. 40 degrees 58 minutes 50 seconds N. and long. 95 degrees 45 minutes 55 seconds W., NAD 83.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to calcium carbonate--38 to more than 152 centimeters (15 to more than 60 inches)
Thickness of the mollic epipedon--38 to 94 centimeters (15 to 37 inches)
Mean annual soil temperature--9 to 14 degrees C (49 to 58 degrees F)
Content of clay in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--45 to 60 percent
Content of sand in the particle-size control section (weighted average)--1 to 8 percent
A horizon:
Hue--10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--0 or 1
Texture--clay or silty clay
Clay content--40 to 75 percent
Sand content--less than 10 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 15 percent
Reaction--neutral or slightly alkaline
Overwash phase (when present):
Hue--10YR to 5Y, or is neutral
Value--2 or 3
Chroma--0 or 1
Texture--silt loam or silty clay loam
Clay content--20 to 40 percent
Sand content--1 to 8 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 15 percent
Reaction--neutral or slightly alkaline
Thickness--15 to 46 centimeters (6 to 18 inches)
Bg, Bssg, or Bkssg horizon:
Hue--5Y
Value--3 to 5
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--clay or silty clay
Clay content--45 to 60 percent
Sand content--1 to 8 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 25 percent
Reaction--neutral to moderately alkaline
Thickness--25 to 102 centimeters (10 to 40 inches)
Some pedons have a clay content of up to 75 percent
Some pedons have thin buried A horizons or strata of dark colored sediments
Some pedons have thin strata of silty clay loam
Cg or Cssg horizon (if it occurs):
Hue--2.5Y or 5Y
Value--4 to 6
Chroma--1 or 2
Texture--silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Clay content--35 to 75 percent
Sand content--1 to 8 percent
Calcium carbonate equivalent--0 to 25 percent
Reaction--neutral to moderately alkaline
Some pedons have a clay content of up to 75 percent
Some pedons have thin buried A horizons or strata of dark colored sediments
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material--clayey alluvium
Landform--flood plains
Slopes--0 to 2 percent
Elevation--243 to 366 meters (800 to 1,200 feet) above sea level
Mean annual air temperature--8 to 13 degrees C (47 to 56 degrees F)
Mean annual precipitation--51 to 91 centimeters (20 to 36 inches)
Frost-free period--135 to 190 days
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the
Cooper,
Lakeport, McPaul,
Moville, and
Woodbury soils.
Cooper--are in the slightly higher landscape positions and have a clay content of 27 to 34 percent in the upper two thirds of the particle-size control section
Lakeport--are in the slightly higher landscape positions and have a clay content of 35 to 45 percent in the particle-size control section
McPaul--are in the higher landscape positions and have a clay content of 10 to 18 percent in the particle-size control section
Moville--are in the slightly higher landscape positions and have a clay content of 10 to 18 percent in the upper half of the particle-size control section
Woodbury--are in the slightly higher landscape positions and have a clay content of 20 to 30 percent in the lower third of the series control section
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Drainage class--poorly drained and very poorly drained--a frequently saturated zone occurs within a depth of 0.3 meter (1 foot) during March to June in normal years and is considered apparent
Saturated hydraulic conductivity--low
Surface runoff potential--low
Flooding--rarely or occasionally flooded for brief periods during the months of February to November in normal years from precipitation events and snowmelt
USE AND VEGETATION:
Most areas have been drained or have been land graded and are cultivated. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, and wheat. The native vegetation is big bluestem, western wheatgrass, sedges, blue grama and other species of the tall grass prairie that are tolerant of excessive wetness. See Additional Data section for native vegetative cover in Iowa.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Physiographic Division--Interior Plains
Physiographic Province--Central Lowland
Physiographic section(s)--Western lake section and Dissected till plains
MLRA(s)--Till Plains (102B) and Iowa and Missouri Deep Loess Hills (107B)
LLR M; backswamp areas in the Missouri River flood plain about midway between the river channel and the upland footslopes in Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri and South Dakota
Extent--large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Indianapolis, Indiana
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clay County, South Dakota, 1953.
REMARKS:
Particle-size control section--the zone from a depth of 25 to 100 centimeters (10 to 40 inches) (A1, A2, Bg1, Bg2, and Bkssg1 horizons);
series control section--the zone from the surface to a depth of 150 centimeters (59 inches) (Ap, A1, A2, Bg1, Bg2, Bkssg1, and Bkssg2 horizons).
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
mollic epipedon--the zone from the surface to a depth of 79 centimeters (0 to 31 inches) (Ap, A1, A2, and Bg1 horizons);
cambic horizon--the zone from a depth of 64 to 152 centimeters (25 to 60 inches) (Bg1, Bg2, and Bkssg horizons);
slickensides--the zone from a depth of 97 to 152 centimeters (38 to 60 inches) (Bkssg horizons);
aquic moisture regime.
Taxonomy version--Keys to Soil Taxonomy, ninth edition, 2003.
Refer to DMUid 255,236 in NASIS for property data.
ADDITIONAL DATA:
Laboratory data--Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
Laboratory data--National Soil Survey Laboratory, Lincoln, Nebraska, pedon number S70IA-133-001 (http://ssldata.sc.egov.usda.gov/).
In Iowa, the native vegetative cover is a herbaceous wetland community commonly inhabited with Bluejoint Grasses, White Cutgrasses, Fox Sedges, Oval Sedges, Inland Rushes, Torreys Rushes, Dark Green Bulrushes, Flatstem Spikerushes, Blue Vervains, Indian Hemps, Winged Loosestrifes, Wild Mints, and Water Horehounds. Source: Iowa State Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Des Moines, IA.
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.