LOCATION MANDALE NC
Established Series
JWL-STE-RJL/Rev. DTA
11/2017
MANDALE SERIES
MLRA(s): 136-Southern Piedmont (thermic part)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow or shallow, common, very thin to thick
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None or very rare
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high or moderately low
Shrink-swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont uplands
Landform: Flats, depressions, sloughs, drainageways
Geomorphic Component: Talfs, dips, rises
Hillslope Profile Position: None assigned
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from Carolina slate, dominantly argillite formed in sediments derived from fine-grained volcanic and metavolcanic rocks
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
Elevation (type location): 560 feet (170 meters)
Frost Free Period (type location): 210 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 59 degrees F. (15 degrees C.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 46 inches (117 centimeters)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aeric Epiaquults
TYPICAL PEDON: Mandale silt loam (in an area of Mandale-Secrest complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes), on a concave 2 percent slope in mixed hardwoods. (Colors are for moist soil, unless otherwise indicated)
A--0 to 1 inch (0 to 5 centimeters); light olive brown (2.5Y 5/3) silt loam; weak fine angular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine, medium, and coarse roots and common very coarse roots throughout; few fine and medium tubular pores; 2 percent fine subrounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartz fragments; 15 percent medium faint light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) BE material; very strongly acid, pH 4.5, Hellige-Truog; abrupt smooth boundary. 1 to 6 inches (3 to 15 centimeters) thick
BE--1 to 7 inches (5 to 18 centimeters); light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) silt loam; weak medium angular blocky structure; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; many fine and medium and common coarse and few very coarse roots throughout; few fine and common medium tubular pores; 10 percent medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron; 2 percent fine subrounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartz fragments; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; clear wavy boundary. 0 to 7 inches (0 to 18 centimeters) thick
Bt1--7 to 16 inches (18 to 41 centimeters); pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine, medium, and coarse and few very coarse roots throughout; few fine and common medium tubular pores; 15 percent medium distinct brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; 2 percent fine subrounded quartz gravel; positive reaction with alpha,alpha-dipyridyl; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt2--16 to 25 inches (41 to 64 centimeters); pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silt loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, slightly plastic; common fine and medium and few coarse and very coarse roots throughout; few medium tubular pores; 10 percent medium distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions; 20 percent medium prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 5 percent patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fine subrounded quartz gravel; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt3--25 to 32 inches (64 to 81 centimeters); pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silty clay loam; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; friable, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine, medium, coarse, and very coarse roots throughout; few medium tubular pores; 20 percent medium and coarse distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions; 30 percent medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 20 percent patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; 12 percent fine subrounded 2- to 75-millimeter quartz fragments; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; gradual wavy boundary.
Bt4--32 to 48 inches (81 to 122 centimeters); pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) silty clay; moderate medium subangular blocky structure; firm, moderately sticky, moderately plastic; few fine, medium, and coarse roots throughout; 20 percent medium and coarse distinct light gray (2.5Y 7/2) iron depletions; 30 percent medium and coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 20 percent patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; 5 percent fine subrounded quartz gravel; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of Bt horizon, 30 to 49 inches (75 to 125 centimeters.)
BCtg--48 to 55 inches (122 to 140 centimeters); light gray (2.5Y 7/2) clay loam; weak coarse subangular blocky structure; friable, slightly sticky, moderately plastic; few fine and medium roots between peds; and 30 percent coarse prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 30 percent coarse distinct pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) masses of oxidized iron; 10 percent patchy faint clay films on faces of peds; very strongly acid, pH 5.0, Hellige-Truog; abrupt wavy boundary. 0 to 12 inches (0 to 30 centimeters) thick
C--55 to 64 inches (140 to 163 centimeters); brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) sandy loam; massive; friable, nonsticky, nonplastic; few fine roots in old rock fractures; 15 percent medium prominent light gray (10YR 7/1) iron depletions; 30 percent coarse yellowish brown (10YR 5/8) masses of oxidized iron; 30 percent coarse distinct pale yellow (2.5Y 7/4) masses of oxidized iron; strongly acid, pH 5.5, Hellige-Truog; abrupt irregular boundary. 0 to 14 inches (0 to 35 centimeters) thick
Cr--64 to 78 inches (163 to 198 centimeters); soft argillite bedrock; fractured at intervals of 4 to less than 18 inches (10 to less than 45 centimeters); weakly cemented; high excavation difficulty; abrupt smooth boundary. (Greater than 10 inches (25 centimeters) thick.)
R--78 to 80 inches (198 to 203 centimeters); hard argillite bedrock; fractured at intervals of 4 to less than 18 inches (10 to less than 45 centimeters); very strongly cemented; very high excavation difficulty.
TYPE LOCATION: Alamance County, North Carolina; about 13 miles southeast of Burlington, 1.1 miles southwest of the junction of Greenhill Road (SR-2345) and Russel Road (SR-2343) on Greenhill Road, 230 feet north of road in mixed hardwoods. USGS Silk Hope, NC topographic quadrangle; latitude 35 degrees 51 minutes and 6 seconds N. and longitude 79 degrees 19 minutes 15 seconds W.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to top of argillic horizon: 5 to 14 inches (12 to 35 centimeters)
Depth to base of argillic horizon: 30 to 60 inches (75 to 150 centimeters) or more
Depth to bedrock: Greater that 60 inches (150 centimeters)
Depth to seasonal high water table: less than 20 inches (50 centimeters) (perched); November to March
Rock Fragment Content and Kind: 0 to 35 percent, by volume throughout; mostly quartz gravel and argillite channers or parachanners
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid (4.0) to moderately acid (6.0) throughout, unless limed
Effective Cation Exchange Capacity: 5 to 20 milliequivalents per 100 grams of soil in the A horizon; 3 to 10 in E and B horizons; and 5 to 15 in the C horizon
RANGE OF INDIVIDUAL HORIZONS:
O horizon (where present):
Composition--slightly to highly decomposed plant material, mostly decomposed leaf litter
A horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y value of 2 to 6, chroma of 1 to 5
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt, silt loam, or loam
Clay content: 4 to 18 percent
E horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 or 4 (value of 8 and chroma of 1 or 2 if non-redoximorphic)
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt, silt loam, or loam
Clay content: 4 to 15 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
Eg horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y value of 5 to 7, chroma of 1 or 2
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt, silt loam, or loam
Clay content: 4 to 15 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
BE horizon, EB horizon, AB horizon, or BA horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
Clay content: 6 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
BEg horizon, EBg horizon, ABg horizon, or BAg horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam or loam
Clay content: 6 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
Bt horizon (upper part):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 14 to 35 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
Bt horizon (lower part):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 3 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 18 to 50 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
Btg horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 7, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, silty clay, clay, clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 18 to 50 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
BCtg horizon, BCg horizon, or Btg/C horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 6 or 7, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 10 to 35 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
BC horizon, BCt horizon, Bt/C horizon, or B/C horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8, chroma of 3 to 6
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, silty clay loam, clay loam, or loam
Clay content: 10 to 35 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
C horizon, CB horizon, C/B horizon, or C/Bt horizon:
Color--hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 5 to 8 chroma of 3 or 4
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 5 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
Cg horizon or CBg horizon (where present):
Color--hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 6 or 7, chroma of 1 or 2, or is neutral with value of 4 to 8
Texture (fine-earth fraction)--silt loam, loam, very fine sandy loam, or fine sandy loam
Clay content: 5 to 20 percent
Redoximorphic features--iron depletions in shades of yellow, brown, or gray and masses of oxidized iron in shades of red or brown
COMPETING SERIES:
None
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Elevation Range: 295 to 804 feet (90 to 245 meters)
Frost Free Period: 210 to 225 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 57 to 63 degrees F. (14 to 17 degrees C.)
Mean Annual Precipitation: 43 to 51 inches (110 to 130 centimeters)
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Alamance soils--do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon
Badin soils--do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon
Callison soils--are moderately well drained and have paralithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters)
Cid soils--are moderately well drained and have lithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters)
Georgeville soils--have a fine particle-size control section and do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon
Goldston soils--do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less, have a paralithic contact at a depth of less than 20 inches (50 centimeters), and have a loamy-skeletal particle-size control section
Gundy soils--have a fine particle-size control section, do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 60 centimeters of the top of the Bt horizon, have a paralithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters), and have higher base saturation
Herndon soils--have a fine particle-size control section and do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon
Kirksey soils--are moderately well drained and have lithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters)
Lignum soils--have a fine particle-size control section and have paralithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters)
Misenheimer soils--have a loamy particle-size control section, have iron depletions throughout the subsoil, and have paralithic contact at a depth of less than 20 inches (50 centimeters)
Montonia soils--have a fine-loamy particle-size control section, do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon and have paralithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters)
Nanford soils--have a fine particle-size control section, do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon, and have paralithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters)
Pageland soils--are moderately well drained, have paralithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches (50 to 100 centimeters), and have higher base saturation
Secrest soils--are moderately well drained and have paralithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters)
Tarrus soils--have a fine particle-size control section, do not have iron depletions with chroma 2 or less within 24 inches (60 centimeters) of the top of the Bt horizon, and have paralithic contact at a depth of 40 to 60 inches (100 to 150 centimeters)
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY:
Drainage class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow or shallow, less than 20 inches (50 centimeters); common (3 to 5 months); seasonally, very thin to thick, 4 to more than 40 inches (10 to more than 100 centimeters)
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None or very rare for brief periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high or moderately low (0.42 to 4.23 micrometers per second)
Permeability: Moderately slow or slow
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Dominantly forested with cleared areas primarily in pasture and a very small acreage in cropland
Vegetation: Mixed hardwoods and pine
SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (SSRO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: The slate belt of the Piedmont of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina
Extent: Moderate
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Alamance County, North Carolina; 2009.
REMARKS: Mandale soils were previously mapped as Orange soils in the 1960 Alamance County Soil Survey Report and were formerly included with the Secrest and Lignum soils in more recent soil mapping of nearby counties. Mandale soils with hue of 10YR in the upper Bt horizon have a positive reaction with alpha, alpha-dipyridyl when saturated.
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon:
Ochric epipedon--the zone from the surface of the soil to a depth of 7 inches (18 centimeters) (A and BE horizons)
Argillic horizon--the zone from 7 to 55 inches (18 to 140 centimeters) (Bt and BCtg horizons)
Aquic conditions--periodic saturation and reduction within 7 to 55 inches (18 to 140) centimeters of the soil surface, and one or more unsaturated layers within 80 inches (200 centimeters) of the surface, occurring below the periodically saturated zone (episaturation)
Redox concentrations--the zone from 2 to 64 inches (5 to 163 centimeters) (BE, Bt, BCtg, and C horizons)
Redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less--the zone from 16 to 54 inches (41 to 163 centimeters) (Bt, BCtg, and C horizons)
Paralithic contact--soft bedrock contact at a depth of 64 inches (163 centimeters) (upper boundary of the Cr layer)
Paralithic materials--the zone from 64 to 77 inches (163 to 196 centimeters) (Cr horizon)
Presence of Hard bedrock--bedrock contact at 77 inches (196 centimeters) (R horizon)
Series control section--the zone from 0 to 60 inches (0 to 150 centimeters)
ADDITIONAL DATA: Characterization data are not available at his time. Sampling is planned in the near future.
Database Information:
Data Mapunit ID--To be completed
User Pedon ID--To be completed
National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.