LOCATION NEWFOLDEN MNEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Clayey over loamy, smectitic over mixed, superactive, frigid Oxyaquic Argiudolls
TYPICAL PEDON: Newfolden loam with a slightly convex slope of less than 1 percent on a lake plain in a cultivated field. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted)
Ap--0 to 7 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) loam; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) dry; weak medium subangular structure; friable; neutral; abrupt smooth boundary. (7 to 9 inches thick)
Bt--7 to 16 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) clay; moderate coarse angular blocky structure; firm; few fine distinct grayish brown (10YR 5/2) redoximorphic depletions; common very dark brown (10YR 2/2) clay films on faces of peds and lining pores; neutral; clear wavy boundary. (7 to 14 inches thick)
2Bk1--16 to 25 inches; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine prominent yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) redoximorphic concentrations; many calcium carbonate masses; 3 percent gravel; violent effervescence; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.
2Bk2--25 to 36 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) clay loam; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; many medium prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations; many masses of carbonate; 3 percent rock fragments; violent effervescence; slightly alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. (Combined 2Bk horizons 0 to 27 inches thick)
2CBk1--36 to 71 inches; light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/4) clay loam; massive; friable; many coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) redoximorphic concentrations; 3 percent gravel; common masses of calcium carbonate; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary.
2CBk2--71 to 80 inches; light brownish gray (2.5Y 6/2) and light yellowish brown (2.5Y 6/3) loam; massive; friable; common medium faint dark grayish brown (2.5Y 4/2) redoximorphic depletions and many coarse prominent brownish yellow (10YR 6/6) and few fine prominent yellowish red (5YR 5/6) redoximorphic concentrations; 3 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; white (10YR 8/1) common masses of lime; strong effervescence; moderately alkaline.
TYPE LOCATION: Marshall County, Minnesota; about 5 miles north and 2.5 miles east of Thief River Falls; 2500 feet west and 300 feet south of the northeast corner of section 35, T. 155 N., R. 43 W.; USGS Thief River falls NW quadrangle; NAD27; Latitude 48 degrees, 12 minutes, 38 seconds north, Longitude 96 degrees, 8 minutes, 23 seconds west.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 18 inches in thickness. Depth to carbonates is 10 to 29 inches. Depth to fine-loamy till ranges from 14 to 36 inches. Redoximorphic depletions of 2 chroma or less occur within 1 meter of the surface. The soil has an abrupt textural change (more than 20 percent absolute clay increase) between the A and Bt horizons.
The A horizon has hue of 10YR or is neutral, value of 2 or 3 and chroma of 0 to 2. Texture is loam or fine sandy loam. Reaction is neutral. Some pedons have an E horizon.
The Bt horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 5, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture is clay or silty clay. The horizon is free of rock fragments where formed in clayey lacustrine sediments and has 2 to 10 percent rock fragments of mixed lithology where formed in clayey till. Reaction is neutral. There are few to many clay films on exteriors of peds or in pores. The clay films have value of 2 to 4 and chroma of 1 or 2.
Some pedons have a Btk or Bk horizon. They have hue of 2.5Y or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2. Texture is clay, silty clay or silty clay loam. The horizons have 2 to 10 percent rock fragments of mixed lithology. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
The 2Bk horizon has hue of 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam or clay loam. The horizon has 2 to 10 percent rock fragments of mixed lithology. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
The 2BC, 2CBk and 2C horizons have hue of 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 4. Texture is loam, silty clay loam or clay loam with 18 to 35 percent clay and more than 15 percent fine sand and coarser sand. The horizons have 2 to 10 percent rock fragments of mixed lithology. Calcium carbonate equivalent ranges from 10 to 25 percent. Moist bulk density ranges from 1.35 to 1.60 g/cc. Reaction is slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline.
COMPETING SERIES: There are no competing series.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Newfolden soils are on slightly convex areas on lake plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. They formed in water-worked clayey till or clayey glaciolacustrine sediments overlying loamy calcareous till. These sediments are of late Wisconsin in age. The mean annual air temperature ranges from 36 to 45 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 24 inches. Frost-free days range from 110 to 135. Elevation above sea level ranges from 750 to 1250 feet.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These include the Boash, Clearwater, Reiner and Smiley soils. Boash, Clearwater and Smiley soils are poorly drained. Reiner soils have less clay in the upper part of the profile.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained. Surface runoff is slow. Permeability is slow in the upper part of the profile and moderate in the underlying material. Depth to an apparent seasonal high water table is as high as 2.5 to 4 feet at some time from November to June in most years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are cultivated. Small grains, soybeans, sunflowers, grasses and legumes are the principal crops. The remaining areas are used as pasture land or are in trees. Native vegetation is mixed prairie grasses and trees such as bur oak and quaking aspen.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwestern Minnesota. It is of minor extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Marshall County, Minnesota, 1994.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are: Mollic epipedon - the zone from the surface to a depth of 7 inches; argillic horizon- the zone from 7 to 16 inches (Bt horizon); oxyaquic subgroup criteria - redoximorphic features within 40 inches of the surface.