LOCATION NEWOT WIEstablished Series
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Haplorthods
TYPICAL PEDON: Newot gravelly sandy loam - on a convex, southeast facing slope of 22 percent in a mixed hardwood forest on the side slope of a morainic ridge at an elevation of about 1,350 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)
A--0 to 2 inches; black (10YR 2/1) gravelly sandy loam, dark gray (10YR 4/1) dry; weak fine granular structure; friable; many fine roots; about 15 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt wavy boundary. (0 to 5 inches thick)
E--2 to 5 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/2) gravelly sandy loam, pinkish gray (7.5YR 6/2) dry; weak medium platy structure; very friable; many fine roots; few distinct black (10YR 2/1) worm casts; about 17 percent gravel and 2 percent cobbles; extremely acid; abrupt broken boundary. (0 to 4 inches thick)
Bs1--5 to 9 inches; dark brown (7.5YR 3/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak very fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine roots; about 22 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear broken boundary.
Bs2--9 to 16 inches; brown (7.5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak fine subangular blocky structure; very friable; many fine roots; about 20 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bs horizons ranges from 6 to 20 inches)
E'--16 to 20 inches; brown (7.5YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam, pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; weak medium platy structure; very friable; common fine roots; about 14 percent gravel and 4 percent cobbles; very strongly acid; clear broken boundary. (0 to 11 inches thick)
E/B--20 to 27 inches; 80 percent brown (7.5YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam (E'), pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; moderate medium platy structure; very friable; surrounds remnants of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam (Bt); moderate fine subangular blocky structure; friable; few faint dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; common fine roots; about 20 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.
B/E--27 to 38 inches; 60 percent reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam (Bt); moderate medium angular blocky structure; friable; tends to part along horizontal cleavage planes inherited from the parent material; common faint dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; penetrated by brown (7.5YR 5/3) gravelly sandy loam (E'), pink (7.5YR 7/3) dry; moderate medium platy structure; very friable; few fine roots; few distinct brown (7.5YR 5/3) coatings of sand in pores; about 20 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (Glossic horizon - 5 to 50 inches thick)
Bt--38 to 57 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; weak coarse prismatic structure parting to weak medium subangular blocky; firm; tends to part along horizontal cleavage planes inherited from the parent material; few fine roots; few faint dark reddish brown (5YR 3/4) clay films on faces of peds; common distinct brown (7.5YR 5/3) coatings of sand primarily on vertical faces of prisms; about 22 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; slight brittleness inherited from dense parent material; moderately acid; gradual wavy boundary. (0 to 25 inches thick)
Cd--57-60 inches; reddish brown (5YR 4/4) gravelly sandy loam; massive tending to part along horizontal cleavage planes; firm; very compact; about 23 percent gravel and 3 percent cobbles; moderately acid.
TYPE LOCATION: Lincoln County, Wisconsin; about 2 miles north and 5 miles west of Merrill; 500 feet east and 1,750 feet south of the northwest corner of sec. 31, T. 32 N., R. 6 E. USGS Alexander Lake, Wis. quadrangle; lat. 45 degrees 12 minutes 59 seconds N., long. 89 degrees 47 minutes 42 seconds W., NAD 27.
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Depth to the base of the argillic horizon and to densic contact ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Coarse fragments are dominantly of igneous origin and are of mixed lithology. Volume of gravel ranges from 2 to 20 percent in the surface and spodic horizons and from 5 to 35 percent in the glossic horizons through the substratum. Volume of cobbles ranges from 0 to 5 percent and volume of stones ranges from 0 to 3 percent throughout. Surface stones have coverage ranging from 0 to 3 percent. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid in the solum, but ranges to neutral in the Ap horizon where the soil is limed. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to neutral in the substratum.
Some pedons have an O horizon with hue of 7.5YR or 10YR or the hue is neutral. Value is 2 or 3 and chroma is 0 to 2. It is a mat of partially decomposed forest litter.
The A horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 2 or 3; and chroma of 1 or 2. Cultivated pedons have an Ap horizon with hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 3 or 4; and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture of the A or Ap horizon is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or their gravelly analogs.
The E horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 2 or 3. Colors of 4/3 or 5/3 have value dry of 7 or more. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or their gravelly analogs.
Some pedons have a Bhs horizon with hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR and value and chroma of 2 or 3. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or their gravelly analogs.
The Bs horizon has hue of 2.5YR or 5YR, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 4 to 6 or hue of 7.5YR, value of 3 to 5, and chroma of 4. It is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or their gravelly analogs.
The E' horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, or 10YR; value of 4 to 6; and chroma of 2 or 3. Colors of 4/3 or 5/3 have value, dry, of 7 or more. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, loamy sand, or their gravelly analogs.
Newot soils have a glossic horizon (E/B or B/E horizons, or both). The E' part has colors and textures like the E' horizon above. The Bt part has colors and textures like the Bt horizon described below.
The Bt horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs. The argillic material averages from 6 to 17 percent clay. Bulk density ranges from 1.7 to 1.9 g/cm3.
Some pedons have a BCd horizon with hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 to 6. Value and chroma of 3 do not occur together. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs. Bulk density ranges from 1.8 to 2.0 g/cm3.
The Cd horizon has hue of 2.5YR, 5YR, or 7.5YR; value of 3 to 5; and chroma of 3 or 4. Value and chroma of 3 do not occur together. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or their gravelly analogs. Bulk density ranges from 1.80 to 2.05 g/cm3.
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Glidden, Goodman, Mequithy, Padus, Padwet, and Sarona series. None of these soils have a densic contact within the series control section. Mequithy soils have a lithic contact at a depth of 20 to 40 inches.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Parent material: Formed in acid, dense, loamy till of Late Wisconsinan Age that has a bulk density range of 1.8 to 2.05 g/cm3.
Landform: End moraines, disintegration moraines, ice-walled glacial lake planes, and drumlins.
Slope: 10 to 45 percent.
Elevation: 800 to 1950 feet.
Mean annual air temperature: 39 to 45 degrees F.
Mean annual precipitation: 28 to 33 inches.
Frost-free days: 120 to 135 days.
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Capitola, Freeon, Magnor, Newood, and Pesabic soils.
Moderately well drained Newood soils, somewhat poorly drained Pesabic soils, and very poorly and poorly drained Capitola soils form a drainage sequence with the Newot soils. These soils are on lower or less sloping landscape positions. Capitola soils are in depressions or drainageways.
Moderately well drained Freeon soils and somewhat poorly drained Magnor soils are on nearby silt-mantled areas.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained. The potential for surface runoff is medium or high. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the solum, slow in the lower part of the solum, and very slow in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mostly in woodland. Timber stands are mostly red maple, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, white ash, black cherry, and northern red oak with eastern hophornbean, paper birch, bigtooth aspen, and yellow birch as associates in most stands. A few areas are cleared and used for cropland. Common crops are corn, small grain, and hay. Some areas are used for pastureland.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Wisconsin; currently recognized on the Wisconsin Valley Lobe and Chippewa Lobe of the Woodfordian Terminal Moraine of late Wisconsinan age. LRR K and MLRA 90A. The soil is of moderate extent.
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: St. Paul, Minnesota
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Lincoln County, Wisconsin, 1993. The name is coined.
REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
Particle size control section - 20 to 40 inches.
Ochric epipedon - 0 to 5 inches (A, E).
Albic horizon - 2 to 5 inches (E).
Spodic horizon - 5 to 16 inches (Bs1, Bs2)
Glossic horizon - 20 to 38 inches (E/B, B/E).
Argillic horizon - 27 to 57 inches (B/E, Bt1, Bt2).
Densic contact - 57 inches (Cd).
The bulk density and platyness of the argillic horizon is considered to be relict of the till, but studies are needed to determine whether or not these horizons meet criteria for fragipans or fragic soil properties.
ADDITIONAL DATA: Refer to soil survey sample number S91WI-069-208 for NSSL data on the typical pedon.