LOCATION ONEKAMA MI

Established Series
Rev. RWN-MLK-MCB
02/2016

ONEKAMA SERIES

The Onekama series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy and/or clayey till on end moraines, ground moraines, and till plains. Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 787 mm (31 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 8.9 degrees C (48 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Haplic Glossudalfs

TYPICAL PEDON: Onekama loam, on a 30 percent slope in a wooded area. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated. When described on August 21, 1997, the soil was slightly moist throughout.)

A--0 to 15 cm (6 inches); very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam, grayish brown (10YR 5/2) dry; moderate medium granular structure; friable; few coarse and common fine and medium roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; about 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear smooth boundary. [10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) thick]

E/B--15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches); about 80 percent brown (7.5YR 5/3) fine sandy loam (E), pinkish gray (7.5YR 7/2) dry; weak medium subangular blocky structure; friable; extending into or completely surrounding peds of reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam (Bt); strong medium subangular blocky structure; firm; common fine and medium roots; few fine continuous tubular pores; common distinct reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; about 2 percent fine gravel; neutral; clear wavy boundary. [13 to 18 cm (5 to 7 inches) thick]

Bt1--33 to 51 cm (13 to 20 inches); reddish brown (5YR 4/4) clay loam; strong fine and medium angular blocky structure parting to strong fine and medium granular; very firm; few coarse continuous tubular pores; many prominent reddish brown (5YR 4/3) clay films on faces of peds and in pores; about 2 percent fine gravel; slightly alkaline; clear wavy boundary.

Bt2--51 to 79 cm (20 to 31 inches); reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay loam; strong medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; common faint reddish brown (5YR 5/4) clay films on faces of peds; about 2 percent fine gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline; gradual wavy boundary. [Combined thickness of the Bt horizon is 41 to 58 cm (16 to 23 inches).]

BC--79 to 203 cm (31 to 80 inches; reddish brown (5YR 5/3) clay loam; strong medium and coarse prismatic structure parting to strong medium and coarse subangular blocky; very firm; few prominent white (7.5YR 8/1) carbonate coatings on vertical faces of peds; 2 percent fine gravel; violently effervescent; moderately alkaline.

TYPE LOCATION: Manistee County, Michigan; about 6 miles east southeast of the town of Onekama; 1,500 feet south and 1,600 feet west of the northeast corner of sec. 9, T. 22 N., R. 15 E., Brown Township; USGS Onekama topographic quadrangle; lat. 44 degrees 19 minutes 31 seconds N. and long. 86 degrees 07 minutes 38 seconds W., NAD 83.

RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS:
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Rock fragment content: 1 to 10 percent gravel throughout the profile
Reaction: moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the upper part and ranges to moderately alkaline in the lower part

A horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 3 or 4
Chroma: 1 to 3
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

E part of the E/B horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 5 or 6
Chroma: 2 to 4
Texture: fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam

The amount of E material present in the E/B or B/E horizon ranges from 50 to as much as 80 percent.

Bt part of the E/B or B/E horizon, and the Bt horizon:
Hue: 5YR or 7.5YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 4 to 6
Texture: clay loam, silty clay loam, clay, or silty clay
Clay content: 35 to 50 percent

BC horizon:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6 Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay
CaCO3 content: 20 to 40 percent
C horizon, where present:
Hue: 7.5YR or 10YR
Value: 4 to 6
Chroma: 3 or 4
Texture: silty clay loam, clay loam, silty clay, or clay
CaCO3 content: 20 to 40 percent

COMPETING SERIES: There are no other series in the same family. The closely related Claybanks series has a semiactive activity class and higher clay content in the particle-size control section (50 to 60 percent clay).

GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Onekama soils are on end moraines, ground moraines, and till plains. Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent. Onekama soils formed in loamy and/or clayey till. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 762 to 813 mm (30 to 32 inches). Mean annual temperature ranges from 8.3 to 9.4 degrees C (47 to 49 degrees F).

GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Perrinton, Ithaca, and Tustin soils. The moderately well drained Perrinton soils and the somewhat poorly drained Ithaca soils are in lower landscape positions and form a drainage sequence with Onekama soils. The well drained Tustin soil is in similar landscape positions and has a mantle of sandy eolian or outwash deposits overlying the till.

DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. Potential for surface runoff is high or very high. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is low or moderately low.

USE AND VEGETATION: A large part is cropped to hay or row crops. A smaller part is forested. Native vegetation is forest consisting of sugar maple, American elm, American beech, white ash, American basswood, red maple, and northern red oak.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs 96, 97, and 98 in northwestern and the southern half of the lower peninsula of Michigan. The series is of moderate extent.

MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: AMHERST, MASSACHUSETTS

SERIES ESTABLISHED: Manistee County, Michigan, 2005.

REMARKS: Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:
1. Ochric epipedon: from the surface to a depth of 15 cm (6 inches) (A horizon).
2. Glossic horizon: from a depth of 15 to 33 cm (6 to 13 inches) (E/B horizon).
3. Argillic horizon: from a depth of 33 to 79 cm (13 to 31 inches) (Bt1 and Bt2 horizons).
4. Haplic feature: glossic horizon 18 cm (7 inches) in thickness.

These soils were formerly mapped as the well drained component of the dual drainage Perrinton series.

National Cooperative Soil Survey
U.S.A.